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MESOPOTAMIAN CIVILIZATIONS SUMER Settled in Fertile Crescent—river valleys of Tigris and Euphrates Rivers Learned to build channels and control rivers from flooding and for irrigation Governments were “city-states” because of geography Developed buildings (even waterproofing the bricks) Built ziggurats—temples to their gods Developed a system of writing known as cuneiform Learned other skills so that specialization was possible People were divided into social classes—kings/priests/government officials, artisans/merchants/farmers, enslaved people Invented the wheel Invented the plow Invented the sailboat Developed the 60 minute hour, 60 second minute and the 12 month calendar AKKADIANS Conquered all of Mesopotamia (2340 B.C.) Leader—Sargon Developed the world’s first empire BABYLON—HAMMURABI Conquered Akkadians Developed code of laws Created the Babylonian Empire ASSYRIANS—Nineveh developed civilization in the northern section of Mesopotamia near the Tigris River Developed powerful army to protect their land—their army had foot soldiers, soldiers on horseback and chariots Learned (from the Hittites) how to strengthen iron to make better weapons Assyrians were ferocious, vicious warriors and rulers—empire grew from Persian Gulf to Nile River To rule large empire they divided the land into provinces (governors) Continued to develop their culture with large temples and palaces, libraries, literature, art and sculptures Fell to the Chaldeans CHALDEANS—Babylon Led by Nebuchadnezzar Descendants of Hammurabi (1000 yrs. Earlier) Rebuilt Babylon to the world’s largest and richest city City had wall wide enough for two chariot to pass (size of our roads) Guarded the empire with watch towers and stations of soldiers (lived there) Built hanging gardens-terraced gardens (had irrigation system) B/C of location of city on trade route (between Persian Gulf and Mediterranean), city became rich from trade Based on astronomers ‘ study, the developed a 7 day week and daily time keepers (sundial)