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Grammar Basics Booklet Parts of Speech: List the eight parts of speech below. _______________ _______________ _______________ _______________ _______________ _______________ _______________ _______________ *************************************************************************************************************** #1: Noun: the name of a person, place, thing, or idea People farmer George Bush Places Chicago waiting room Things Living and Non-Living Things That You Can See flowers poem Ideas and Things That You Cannot Usually See success happiness Common Noun: names any one of a class of people, places, or things Proper Noun: names a specific person, place, or thing Note: Proper nouns are always capitalized. Common Nouns inventor village story Proper Nouns Alexander Graham Bell Tarrytown “Rikki-tikki-tavi” Other Types of Nouns: Collective, Compound #2: Pronoun: a word that takes the place of a noun or a groups of words acting as a noun Antecedent: the noun (or group of words acting as a noun) for which a pronoun stands example: My father opened his mail first. Father is the antecedent of the pronoun his. Although he was known as an expert software Developer, Darryl enjoyed selling computers. Darryl is the antecedent of he. Personal Pronoun: refers to 1. the person speaking 2. the person spoken to, or 3. the person, place, or thing spoken about PERSONAL PRONOUNS we, us, our, ours I, me, my, mine you, your, yours you, your, yours they, them, their, theirs he, him, his she, her, hers, it, its Indefinite Pronouns: refer to people, places, or things, often without specifying which ones INDEFINITE PRONOUNS another anybody anyone anything each either Singular everybody no one everyone nothing everything one little other much somebody neither someone nobody something Plural both few many others several Singular or Plural all any more most none some Other Types of Pronouns: Demonstrative, Relative, Interrogative #3 Verbs: Action, Linking, and Helping Action Verbs: tells what action someone or something is performing example: examine, sprint, exploded Linking Verbs: a verb that connects a subject with a word that describes or identifies it The verb be is the most commonly used linking verb. example: am, have been, were being **Other Linking Verbs: example: appear, feel, smell, stay **Many of these verbs can be used as both linking and action verbs. Complete the table below with an example sentence for each. LINKING VERB ACTION VERB General Lee felt confident. The chef tasted the cake. Note: To see whether a verb is a linking verb or an action verb, substitute am, is, or are for the verb. If the sentence still makes sense and if the new verb links a word before it to a word after it, then the original verb is a linking verb. Helping Verbs: helping verbs are placed before other verbs to form verb phrases example: has opened will have opened could have been opened is being opened OTHER HELPING VERBS Do Does Did Have Has Had Shall Should Will Would Can Could May Might Must #4 Adjectives: used to describe a noun or pronoun Adjectives are modifiers and answer one of four questions: brick house that judge one daffodil no time Article Adjectives: Definite: Indefinite: What Kind? white paper Which One? each answer How Many? several roses How Much? enough raisins the, the definite article, refers to a specific person, place, or thing a and an, the indefinite articles, refer to any one of a class of people, places, or things A is used before consonant sounds. An is used before vowel sounds. Words beginning in the letter H, a consonant, can make a vowel sound. Likewise, the letters O and U, vowels, can make a consonant sound. Examples: a court an attorney a broken law Other Types of Adjectives: Nouns Used as adjectives, Proper Adjectives, Compound Adjectives, Possessive Adjectives, Demonstrative Adjectives, Interrogative Adjectives, Indefinite Adjectives #5: Adverbs: an adverb modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb Adverbs Modifying Verbs: An adverb modifies a verb by answering one of the questions below. ADVERBS MODIFYING VERBS Where? drove down stay nearby is here jump away When? report later come tomorrow will leave soon appeared suddenly In What Way? cautiously approached walk quietly smiled happily tell unwillingly To What Extent? nearly won had almost left hardly counted scarcely escaped Adverbs Modifying Adjectives: An adverb modifies an adjective by answering the question To What Extent? ADVERBS MODIFYING ADJECTIVES almost right not sad unusually rich Adverbs Modifying Adverbs: An adverb modifies an adverb by answering the question To What Extent? ADVERBS MODIFYING ADVERBS traveled less slowly move very cautiously lost too easily lived almost happily #6 Prepositions: relates the noun or pronoun following it to another word in the sentence FREQUENTLY USED PREPOSITIONS about above under besides outside around near without behind below after in up but since during beneath beside out among like within off toward from until beyond past before to across opposite along into with down except for underneath between over at through on onto against inside upon by of Recognizing Prepositional Phrases A preposition must always be followed by a noun or pronoun. The group of words beginning with the preposition and ending with the noun or pronoun is called a prepositional phrase. The noun or pronoun that follows the preposition is called the object of the preposition. Examples: a. with us with: preposition us: object of the preposition b. according to the new coach coach: object of the preposition c. inside the large, modern stadium inside: preposition stadium: object of the preposition according: preposition #7 Conjunctions: connects words or groups of words. There are three types. Coordinating Conjunctions: connect words of the same kind, such as two or more nouns and verbs. They can also connect larger groups of words, such as prepositional phrases or even entire sentences. COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS and but for nor or so yet Connecting Nouns: My cousin and his wife left yesterday for a trip to Washington, D.C. Connecting Verbs: They printed out directions but forgot to bring them. Connecting Prepositional Phrases: Put the luggage on the doorstep or in the garage. Connecting Two Sentences: Our family wanted to go to the White House, but we decided to go the Capitol first. ************************************************************************************************************ Correlative conjunctions : connect the same types of words or groups of words as coordinating conjunctions, but correlative conjunctions are used in pairs. CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS both…and neither…nor whether…or either…or not only…but also Connecting Nouns: We have seen both the Hoover Dam and the Grand Canyon Dam. Connecting Pronouns: Either you or I will be the leader on the trail. Connecting Verbs: The sick hiker would neither eat nor drink. Connecting Prepositional Phrases: We hiked slowly, whether in a large group or by ourselves. Connecting Two Sentences: Not only are the Sierra Nevada Mountains rugged, but they are also beautiful. ************************************************************************************************************ Subordinating conjunctions: connect two ideas by making one idea dependent on the other. FREQUENTLY USED SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS after as though since until although because so that when as before than whenever as if even though though where as long as if till wherever as soon as in order that unless unless while Examples: I did the planning after he made reservations. When he phones this morning, he was unable to reach the senator. #8 Interjections: expresses feeling or emotion and functions Independently from the rest of a sentence Example: Wow!, Ouch!, Tsk! An interjection has no grammatical relationship to any other word in a sentence. It is, therefore, set off from the rest of the sentence with either a comma or an explanation mark. ************************************************************************************************************ Grammar Terms Subject: The subject of a sentence is the word or group of words that answers the question Who? Or What? before the verb. Phrase: A phrase is a group of words that functions in a sentence as a single part of speech. Phrases do not contain a subject and verb. Types of phrases: prepositional, appositive, participial, gerund, and infinitive. Clause: A clause is a group of words with its own subject and verb. There are two types of clauses: independent and subordinate. Independent Clause: An independent clause has a subject and a verb and an stand by itself as a complete sentence. Subordinate Clause: A subordinate clause has a subject and a verb but cannot stand by itself as a sentence. It is only part of a sentence. Fragment: A fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. A fragment is only part of a sentence. Run-on: A run-on is two or more complete sentences that are not properly joined or separated. Active Voice: A verb is in the active voice when its subject performs the action. Passive Voice: A verb is in the passive voice when its subject does not perform the action.