Download ADVERBS MODIFYING VERBS Where?

Grammar Basics Booklet
Parts of Speech: List the eight parts of speech below.
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#1: Noun: the name of a person, place, thing, or idea
People
farmer
George Bush
Places
Chicago
waiting room
Things
Living and Non-Living Things That You Can See
flowers
poem
Ideas and Things That You Cannot Usually See
success
happiness
Common Noun: names any one of a class of people, places, or things
Proper Noun: names a specific person, place, or thing
Note: Proper nouns are always capitalized.
Common Nouns
inventor
village
story
Proper Nouns
Alexander Graham
Bell
Tarrytown
“Rikki-tikki-tavi”
Other Types of Nouns: Collective, Compound
#2: Pronoun: a word that takes the place of a noun or a groups of words
acting as a noun
Antecedent: the noun (or group of words acting as a noun) for which a
pronoun stands
example: My father opened his mail first.
Father is the antecedent of the pronoun his.
Although he was known as an expert software
Developer, Darryl enjoyed selling computers.
Darryl is the antecedent of he.
Personal Pronoun: refers to
1. the person speaking
2. the person spoken to, or
3. the person, place, or thing spoken about
PERSONAL PRONOUNS
we, us, our, ours
I, me, my, mine
you, your, yours
you, your, yours
they, them, their, theirs
he, him, his
she, her, hers, it, its
Indefinite Pronouns: refer to people, places, or things, often without
specifying which ones
INDEFINITE PRONOUNS
another
anybody
anyone
anything
each
either
Singular
everybody
no one
everyone
nothing
everything
one
little
other
much
somebody
neither
someone
nobody
something
Plural
both
few
many
others
several
Singular or Plural
all
any
more
most
none
some
Other Types of Pronouns: Demonstrative, Relative, Interrogative
#3 Verbs: Action, Linking, and Helping
Action Verbs: tells what action someone or something is performing
example: examine, sprint, exploded
Linking Verbs: a verb that connects a subject with a word that describes or
identifies it
The verb be is the most commonly used linking verb.
example: am, have been, were being
**Other Linking Verbs:
example: appear, feel, smell, stay
**Many of these verbs can be used as both linking and action verbs. Complete
the table below with an example sentence for each.
LINKING VERB
ACTION VERB
General Lee felt confident.
The chef tasted the cake.
Note: To see whether a verb is a linking verb or an action verb, substitute am, is, or
are for the verb. If the sentence still makes sense and if the new verb links a word
before it to a word after it, then the original verb is a linking verb.
Helping Verbs: helping verbs are placed before other verbs to form verb phrases
example: has opened
will have opened
could have been opened
is being opened
OTHER HELPING VERBS
Do
Does
Did
Have
Has
Had
Shall
Should
Will
Would
Can
Could
May
Might
Must
#4 Adjectives: used to describe a noun or pronoun
Adjectives are modifiers and answer one of four questions:
brick house
that judge
one daffodil
no time
Article Adjectives:
Definite:
Indefinite:
What Kind?
white paper
Which One?
each answer
How Many?
several roses
How Much?
enough raisins
the, the definite article, refers to a specific person,
place, or thing
a and an, the indefinite articles, refer to any one of a
class of people, places, or things
A is used before consonant sounds. An is used before vowel sounds. Words
beginning in the letter H, a consonant, can make a vowel sound. Likewise, the
letters O and U, vowels, can make a consonant sound.
Examples: a court
an attorney
a broken law
Other Types of Adjectives: Nouns Used as adjectives, Proper Adjectives,
Compound Adjectives, Possessive Adjectives, Demonstrative Adjectives,
Interrogative Adjectives, Indefinite Adjectives
#5: Adverbs: an adverb modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb
Adverbs Modifying Verbs: An adverb modifies a verb by answering one
of the questions below.
ADVERBS MODIFYING VERBS
Where?
drove down
stay nearby
is here
jump away
When?
report later
come tomorrow
will leave soon
appeared suddenly
In What Way?
cautiously approached
walk quietly
smiled happily
tell unwillingly
To What Extent?
nearly won
had almost left
hardly counted
scarcely escaped
Adverbs Modifying Adjectives: An adverb modifies an adjective by
answering the question To What Extent?
ADVERBS MODIFYING ADJECTIVES
almost right
not sad
unusually rich
Adverbs Modifying Adverbs: An adverb modifies an adverb by answering
the question To What Extent?
ADVERBS MODIFYING ADVERBS
traveled less slowly
move very cautiously
lost too easily
lived almost happily
#6 Prepositions: relates the noun or pronoun following it to another word in the
sentence
FREQUENTLY USED PREPOSITIONS
about
above
under
besides
outside
around
near
without
behind
below
after
in
up
but
since
during
beneath
beside
out
among
like
within
off
toward
from
until
beyond
past
before
to
across
opposite
along
into
with
down
except
for
underneath
between
over
at
through
on
onto
against
inside
upon
by
of
Recognizing Prepositional Phrases
A preposition must always be followed by a noun or pronoun. The group of
words beginning with the preposition and ending with the noun or pronoun is
called a prepositional phrase. The noun or pronoun that follows the preposition
is called the object of the preposition.
Examples:
a. with us
with: preposition
us: object of the preposition
b. according to the new coach
coach: object of the preposition
c. inside the large, modern stadium
inside: preposition
stadium: object of the preposition
according: preposition
#7 Conjunctions: connects words or groups of words. There are three types.
Coordinating Conjunctions: connect words of the same kind, such as two or
more nouns and verbs. They can also connect larger groups of words, such as
prepositional phrases or even entire sentences.
COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
and but for nor or so yet
Connecting Nouns: My cousin and his wife left yesterday for a trip to Washington, D.C.
Connecting Verbs: They printed out directions but forgot to bring them.
Connecting Prepositional Phrases: Put the luggage on the doorstep or in the garage.
Connecting Two Sentences: Our family wanted to go to the White House, but we
decided to go the Capitol first.
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Correlative conjunctions : connect the same types of words or groups of words
as coordinating conjunctions, but correlative conjunctions are used in pairs.
CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS
both…and
neither…nor
whether…or
either…or
not only…but also
Connecting Nouns: We have seen both the Hoover Dam and the Grand Canyon Dam.
Connecting Pronouns: Either you or I will be the leader on the trail.
Connecting Verbs: The sick hiker would neither eat nor drink.
Connecting Prepositional Phrases: We hiked slowly, whether in a large group or by
ourselves.
Connecting Two Sentences: Not only are the Sierra Nevada Mountains rugged, but they are
also beautiful.
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Subordinating conjunctions: connect two ideas by making one idea dependent
on the other.
FREQUENTLY USED SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
after
as though
since
until
although
because
so that
when
as
before
than
whenever
as if
even though
though
where
as long as
if
till
wherever
as soon as in order that unless
unless
while
Examples: I did the planning after he made reservations.
When he phones this morning, he was unable to reach the senator.
#8 Interjections: expresses feeling or emotion and functions Independently from
the rest of a sentence
Example: Wow!, Ouch!, Tsk!
An interjection has no grammatical relationship to any other word in a
sentence. It is, therefore, set off from the rest of the sentence with either a
comma or an explanation mark.
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Grammar Terms
Subject: The subject of a sentence is the word or group of words that answers the question
Who? Or What? before the verb.
Phrase: A phrase is a group of words that functions in a sentence as a single part of speech.
Phrases do not contain a subject and verb. Types of phrases: prepositional, appositive,
participial, gerund, and infinitive.
Clause: A clause is a group of words with its own subject and verb. There are two types of
clauses: independent and subordinate.
Independent Clause: An independent clause has a subject and a verb and an stand by itself
as a complete sentence.
Subordinate Clause: A subordinate clause has a subject and a verb but cannot stand by itself
as a sentence. It is only part of a sentence.
Fragment: A fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. A
fragment is only part of a sentence.
Run-on: A run-on is two or more complete sentences that are not properly joined or
separated.
Active Voice: A verb is in the active voice when its subject performs the action.
Passive Voice: A verb is in the passive voice when its subject does not perform the action.