Download Anatomical Definitions

13/03/2014
Anatomical Definitions
By the end of this lecture you will be able to...
 Identify anatomical position
 Explain directional terms
 Correctly name and demonstrate movements
 Explain the functions of the skeletal system
This lecture will work through the following topics;

Anatomical Position

Movement Terminology

Structure and function of the skeleton
1
13/03/2014
Male and female.
- Facing forward
- Arms at sides
- Palms forward
- Standing tall
- Toes forward.
Directional terms allow us to accurately describe the position of one part of the body in relation to another. It can therefore assist in describing the movement of a part of the body in relation to another. 2
13/03/2014
http://upanya.blogspot.com.au/2011/06/anatomical‐positions‐directions‐and.html
Anterior/
Ventral
Posterior/
Dorsal
Towards the front of the body
Towards the back of the body
Medial
Toward the midline of the body
Lateral
Away from the midline of the body
3
13/03/2014
Superior
Above another body part
Inferior
Below another body part
Proximal
Distal
Superficial
Deep
When a body part is closer to the trunk than another
When a body part is further from the trunk than another
Near the surface
More internal
4
13/03/2014
Can you put in the blanks above using anatomical terms?

These are terms that refer to sections of the body in terms of anatomical planes (flat surfaces). These planes are imaginary lines ‐
vertical or horizontal ‐ drawn through an upright body. The terms are used to describe the movement, position, or location of a specific body part
http://christianalcantara.blogspot.com.au/2010/11/all-saints-day-dilemma_1258.html

Sagittal Plane: The Sagittal plane is a vertical plane through the longitudinal axis of the body, dividing the body into left and right portions. This plane divides the body into right and left halves.
http://christianalcantara.blogspot.com.au/2010/11/all-saints-day-dilemma_1258.html
5
13/03/2014

Coronal (Frontal) Plane: The Frontal plane is a vertical plane through the longitudinal axis of the body, dividing the body into ventral (front) and dorsal (back) portions. This plane divides the body into front and back halves.
http://christianalcantara.blogspot.com.au/2010/11/all-saints-day-dilemma_1258.html

Transverse Plane: The Transverse plane is a plane that divides the body into superior and inferior halves or portions; also called a horizontal, or cross‐sectional, plane. http://christianalcantara.blogspot.com.au/2010/11/all-saints-day-dilemma_1258.html

Whenever the body needs to move, bones, joints, muscles and tendons combine to form a biomechanical lever system to achieve this. All movement happens at joints (articulations) and all movement of human body parts is described with specific terminology. All these terms relate back to the basic anatomical position (with a couple of exceptions). 6
13/03/2014
Flexion
•Decreasing the
angle between two
bones
•Increasing the
angle between two
Extension bones
•Movement of a
limb away from the
Abduction midline of the body
•Movement of a
limb toward the
Adduction midline of the body
7
13/03/2014
•Decreasing the angle
between two bones in
Horizontal
the transverse plane
Flexion
•Increasing between
two bones in the
Horizontal
transverse plane
Extension
** Note: Non-Anatomical Position start
Supination
• Rotation of the forearm moves
palm from posterior to anterior
or palm generally facing up or
forward (superior/anterior)
Pronation
• Rotation of the forearm moves
palm from anterior to posterior
or palm generally facing down
or backwards
(inferior/posterior)
Elevation
•Moving a body
part superiorly
Depression
•Moving a body
part inferiorly
8
13/03/2014
•Turning of the sole
Inversion of the foot Medially
•Turning of the sole
of the foot
Eversion Laterally
Dorsi
Flexion
•Moving of the ankle joint
lifting ball of the foot
pulling toes superior
(upwards)
Plantar
Flexion
•Moving of the ankle joint
point toes inferior
(downwards) i.e. rising up
on toes
•A movement of the trunk
and spine in a lateral
direction
Lateral Flexion
•Consists of flexion,
abduction, extension and
adduction in one
Circumduction
movement
of SJ
9
13/03/2014
Internal or
medial rotation
•Shoulder or hip would point
the toes or the flexed
forearm inwards (toward the
midline)
External or
lateral rotation
•Shoulder or hip would point
the toes or the flexed
forearm outwards (away the
midline)

These are terms that you NEED to know and use on a regular basis

Please ensure you have a clear understanding of all key terms and principles
10
13/03/2014
Meaty part of ear lobe
 Cervical vertebrae
 Lumbar vertebrae
 Just behind hip joint centre
 Just in front of knee joint centre
 Just in front of ankle joint centre

 Centre of head
 Centre of all vertebrae
 Centre of hips
 Between legs evenly
 Centre of feet
Lordotic (Military)
Kyphotic‐lordotic (Gorilla slump)
 Increased lumbar curve
 Hips tilt forward  Increased thoracic curve
 Increased lumbar curve  Hips tilt forward 11
13/03/2014
Flat‐back (No bottom)
Sway‐back
 Decreased lumbar curve
 Decreased thoracic curve
 Hips tilt backward
 Decreased lumbar curve
 Increase thoracic  Hips tilt Backward and push to the front
Movement
Blood cell
formation
Mineral
storage
Protection
Support
12
13/03/2014










The skeleton is what gives humans their shape. Two bones meet to form joints
Bones provide skeletal muscles with attachment sites and therefore allow movement to occur
The skeleton helps the body maintain form and posture
The skeleton acts as protective armor for vital organs
Bones also store minerals such as calcium and phosphorous
The production of blood cells occurs in the marrow cavities of some bones
The skeleton is jointed to allow us to move when the muscles attached to them contract
The bones and joints work with muscles to enable us to walk and sprint
The vertebrae allow us to bend, stretch and rotate our body
13
13/03/2014







The hard nature of bone means that the skeleton can protect the more delicate parts of the body
The cranium (skull) protects the soft tissue of the brain
The rib cage protects the heart and lungs
Without the skeleton, the body would be flabby and shapeless
The bones of the legs support the body
The vertebrae support the head
Vital minerals, such as calcium, are stored in the bones for use in normal healthy function of the body
14
13/03/2014

Red and white blood cells are made in red bone marrow which is found at the ends of the femur and humerus and in the ribs, sternum, pelvis and vertebrae
Articulation
Synovial
membrane
Synovial
fluid
Cartilage
Tendon
Ligament
Bursa

Connective
tissue
A place of union or junction between 2 or more bones, or parts of bones in the skeleton (e.g.. The thigh bone (femur) articulates with the shank bone (Tibia)
15
13/03/2014

The synovial membrane consists of vascular (blood) supply connective tissue that produces synovial fluid

The lubricating substance produced by the synovial membrane in a synovial joint. The fluid lies in the joint cavity (e.g. is the knee a synovial joint with synovial fluid)

A resilient, semi‐rigid form of connective tissue; It forms parts of the skeleton where motion occurs. You have more cartilage when you are young, but it lessens with age (e.g. the tip of your nose is formed by resilient cartilage)
It is harder than muscle, but softer than bone

16
13/03/2014

A fibrous cord or band that connects a muscle to a bone or other structure

A band or sheet of fibrous tissue connecting 2 or more bones, cartilages, or other structures. Serves as a support or stability for a joint (static stabilisers) 

A closed sac with a synovial‐like membrane, containing fluid. Can be extremely painful
A bursa is usually found in areas subject to friction, like over an exposed part or where a tendon passes over a bone. (e.g. ‐ trochanteric bursa at the hip)
17
13/03/2014


A tissue that is found all around the body linking body parts and other tissues such as skin and muscle
Connective tissue also supports, protects, insulates and transports blood
http://scienceunraveled.files.wordpress.com/2012/07/cctcfa.gif
Flat
Irregular
Sesamoid
Long
Short
http://classes.midlandstech.edu/carterp/Courses/bio210/chap06/lecture1.html
18
13/03/2014

Thin and flattened shape and can have a bit of curve 
Are elongated bones (longer than they are wide) consisting of 2 ends known as an epiphysis and a shaft known as a diaphysis
http://www.studyblue.com/notes/note/n/bones/deck/4051635

Rough cubed like shape such as the bones in the wrist and ankle (bones that are wider than they are longer) http://craniumcommander.wikispaces.com/Bone+Appendicular+Skeleton
19
13/03/2014

Shaped like a sesame seed. It is a special type of short bone that is suspended within tendon

Complicated shapes that don’t match with the other bone shape groups or categories

Hardened outer bone

Soft inner bone
o Compact hardened outer bone known as Cortical Bone
o Spongy honeycomb like also known as Trabecular Bone
http://www.hughston.com/a-osteo.aspx
20
13/03/2014

Copy and paste the link below into your browser to test your knowledge and understanding of the Human Skeleton
http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbody/body/interactives
/3djigsaw_02/index.shtml?skeleton






Bone remodeling (or bone metabolism) is a process where mature bone tissue is removed from the skeleton (a process called bone resorption) and new bone tissue is formed (a process called ossification or new bone formation)
These processes also control the reshaping or replacement of bone during growth and following injuries like fractures but also micro‐damage, which occurs during normal activity. Remodeling responds also to functional demands of the mechanical loading
As a result, bone is added where needed and removed where it is not
In the first year of life, almost 100% of the skeleton is replaced. In adults, remodeling proceeds at about 10% per year
An imbalance in the regulation of bone remodeling's two sub‐processes, bone resorption and bone formation, results in many metabolic bone diseases, such as osteoporosis
21
13/03/2014


The adult skeleton maintains itself and replaces mineral reserves by remodelling The cells responsible for bone metabolism are known as osteoblasts, which secrete new bone, and osteoclasts which break down. The structure of bones as well as adequate supply of calcium requires close cooperation between these two types of cells
Osteoblasts •Lay down of new bone
Osteoclasts
•Removes old bone
Effects of
exercise on
bone
•Heavily stressed bones
become thicker and
stronger.
•Mineral recycling allows
bones to adapt to stress
Bone
degeneration
•Bone degenerates
quickly up to 1/3 of bone
mass can be lost in a few
weeks of inactivity

Please ensure you have taken notes and understand key principles 
For additional learning – ensure you read the supplementary resources.

Look at your Work Book for Learning Activities that relate to this specific Lecture.

Time to move on to lecture #2
22