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WHAT IMPACT DID GEOGRAPHY HAVE
ON ANCIENT GREECE?
Geography’s Effects on Greece
Think about natural resources.
Advantages
Disadvantages
Geography’s Effects on Greece
Think about natural resources.
Advantages
Plenty of water for every day use.
Seas provided fish for trade
communities.
Disadvantages
Rugged Mountains and deep
valleys separated
Mild climate- good for farming
limits
Good for growing wheat, barley, olives,
Rocky, mountainous terrain
Good for growing wheat, barley, olives,
preventing
And grapes.
Islands isolated people
A united Greece.
Land good for raising sheep and goats
Soil not as fertile as other
types of crops grown
I. Minoans:
A. From island of Crete
B. Used timber from Crete to build ships
C. Traded pottery and vases for ivory and metals
II. Mycenaeans
A. From central Asia
B. Settled on Greece’s mainland
C. Learned shipbuilding, navigation, and religion from the
Minoans
D. Earthquakes and in-fighting destroyed the Mycenaeans
III. Dark Ages of Greece
A. No surplus of food (poverty)
B. Lost their skills, language, and religion
C. Moved to other islands/locations in the Mediterranean positive
D. The Dorians invaded and brought new technology – put an
end to
the Dark Ages – positive
Minoan Civilization- Knossos Palace
The New Greece After Dark Ages
I. Colonization: set up
colonies in Italy, Spain,
France, N. Africa and Asia
II. Minting Coins: made trade
easier
III. Increased specialization
IV. The Polis – city
A. Instead of kingdoms
Greeks
have citystates
B. Each city-state has an
acropolis
1.(gathering/religious
center) at the center
C. Below the acropolis was
an agora or market place
A Greek Acropolis
The Greek Agora
Greek Citizens
F. Greeks are first to develop citizenship
1. each city-state run by its citizens
2. free, native-born men are citizens
3. women & children could be citizens but had no rights
4. citizens could vote, own land, have a trial etc
5. Each citizen had to fight as a soldier for his city-state (hoplite)
Greece Illustrated Timeline
With your group, review the text around each event so you can represent it well
on the timeline.
For each event on your timeline, you will need to do the following:
• List event below with approximate date/year
•1 or two illustrations to symbolize the event you are listing.
•Write 2-3 bullet points with details about the event. (what might you need to
know for the test?)
Events
• Minoans establish civilization on Crete
• Mycenaean establish civilization on Mainland
• Greece’s Dark Ages
• Building Colonies
• Tyrants rule Greece
• Solon cancels debts and frees slaves
• Peisistratus gives land to landless and loaned money
• Cleisthenes begins Democracy in Athens
Artwork should be detailed, symbolic and a quality representation of the event
Also should be as neat as possible. However, you will not be graded on artistic
ability. Color if you have time at the end.
The Mediterranean World
Greek Peninsula and Islands in the
Aegean.
Greek City States
Greek Citizen Soldier
•
•
•
•
•
Loyal to their polis (city-state).
Called a hoplite
Carried a shield, short sword, and a spear.
Went into battle in rows.
“Hometown” loyalty caused distrust between Greeks
as a whole
Greek Phalanx
Athenian Soldiers Oath
I will not bring dishonor on my weapons
Nor desert my comrade, wherever
I am stationed.
I will fight for things sacred
And things profane.
And both alone and with all to help me.
I will transmit my fatherland not diminished
But greater and better than before.
I will obey the ruling magistrates
Who rule reasonably
And I will observe the established laws
And whatever laws in the future
May be reasonably established.
If any person seek to overturn the laws,
Both alone and with all to help me,
I will oppose him.
I will honor the religion of my fathers.
I call to witness the Gods …
The borders of my fatherland,
The wheat, the barley, the vines,
And the trees of the olive and the fig
American Army Creed
I am an American Soldier.
I am a Warrior and a member of a team.
I serve the people of the United States and live the Army Values.
I will always place the mission first.
I will never accept defeat.
I will never quit.
I will never leave a fallen comrade.
I am disciplined, physically and mentally tough, trained and proficient in my warrior tasks
and drills.
I always maintain my arms, my equipment and myself.
I am an expert and I am a professional.
I stand ready to deploy, engage, and destroy the enemies of the
United States of America in close combat.
I am a guardian of freedom and the American way of life.
I am an American Soldier.
Spartan and Athenian Government
Athens:
• Democracy
• Athenians began to rebel against land-owning nobles to whom they owed debt
• Solon, a noble, united the Athenians:
• Cancelled debts
• Freed debtor slaves
• Council of 400 wealthy citizens writes laws
• Assembly (all citizens) passed them
• Peisistratus took nobles’ lands and gave to poor, loaned them money, created public
works projects
• Cleisthenes makes Athens a Democracy
•Assembly can now debate openly, hear court cases, appoint generals
•Created new council of 500 citizens to carry out daily govt.
• Council members chosen in lottery
Sparta
• Oligarchy
• 2 kings headed a council of elders
• Council (28 men > 60) presents laws to an assembly
• Spartan men > 30 belonged to assembly
• Assembly voted on council laws & elected 5 ephors
• Ephors enforced laws and collected taxes
• To keep citizens in line, Sparta allowed travel only for military reasons and
discouraged study of literature and arts
Ancient Persia
4-3
I.
Persian Empire
A. Modern-day Iran
B. Cyrus the Great united Persians (P) into one kingdom
C. Cyrus takes over Mesopotamia, Asia minor, Syria, Canaan, and Phoenicia,
Egypt, western India
D. Darius takes Persian throne after Cyrus
1. Reorganized government to make it more manageable
a. 20 satrapies - provinces
b. Each province ruled by a satrap – “protector of the kingdom”
c. Satraps acted as tax collector, judge, chief of police, and army recruiter
E. Full-time army w/horse soldiers
F. P religion was Zoroastrianism
1. Founded by Zoroaster – one god, freedom to choose good or evil, good will
win
Persian Empire
Persian Army
The Persian Wars
I.
Marathon
A. Retaliation for Greek support of colonies’ rebellion against Persia
B. Persians (P): 20,000 soldiers on plain of Marathon – Athenians: 10,000
soldiers
C. Persians wait for Athenians to attack/advance, but become impatient
D. Persians decide to load troops back on ships (cavalry 1st) and attack from
another side
E. Athenians attack and defeat Persians as they are loading ships
F. Pheidippides runs 25+ miles to bring news of victory – “Marathon”
II
Thermopylae
A.
B.
C.
D.
Persians under Xerxes attack w/180,000 troops
Sparta (Leonidas) and Athens (Themistocles) join forces
Themistocles decides they should cut off Persian navy supply
Greeks need to stall the Persians to give the Athenian navy time to get into
position.
E. Thermopylae is a narrow mountain pass where they can slow the Persians
F. Leonidas holds Persians off for 2 days – betrayed by a soldier and conquered
G. Gave Athens enough time to get navy in position
Marathon (490 B.C.)
Persian fleet
landed
20,000
soldiers on
plain of
Marathon
Persians
waited for
days for
Athenians
to advance.
Persians
grew tired
of waiting
and loaded
cavalry on
ships first.
Greeks
attacked when
cavalry was out
of range &
caught Persian
foot soldiers in
water.
Greeks Win!
Pheidippides raced
nearly 25 miles to
Athens to declare
victory & died!
Thermopylae (486 B.C.)
King of Persia
dies & son
Xerxes takes
over. He wants
revenge on
Athens.
Athens
joins
Sparta to
defend
themselves
.
Thermopyla
e was a
narrow pass
through
Mtns.
7,000
Greek
soldiers
held off
Persia for
2 days.
A Greek traitor
helped the
Persians win!
Around 300 Spartans
stayed and fought to
death, giving Athens time
to defend itself!
Thermopylae
Salamis
Xerxes wanted
to punish
Greeks for his
father, Darius
a
Greeks tricked
Persians to the
strait of
Salamis
Greeks win
navel battle
Persians march
into Athens and
burn it to the
ground!
Salamis
Platae (479 B.C.)
Greeks
formed largest
army ever
assembled!
Athens
crushes the
Persians!
Persians give up
and go home!
END OF
PERSIAN WARS!
The Persian Wars 2
III. Salamis
A. Greeks navy attacks Persian navy after Thermopylae at a strait near Athens
B. Greek ships were more maneuverable and they defeat the Persian navy
C. Athens left undefended though and sacked by Persian Army.
IV. Plataea
A. City-states join together to assemble largest Greek Army ever.
B. Greeks defeat Persians at Plataea, NW of Athens
C. Defeated Persians return to Asia
Decline of Persia
I. Persian army weakened by Greeks
II. Darius and Xerxes had raised taxes to get more wealth
A. Spent wealth on their own luxury
I. High taxes angered subjects
II. Persian royal family fought over who would be king
III. Alexander the Great conquered Persia in 334 B.C.
Athenian Empire
I.
The Delian League
A. Members promised to defend against any Persian invasion
B. Headquartered in Delos
C. Athens takes leadership and gains control over other city-states
II. Athens became a direct democracy
A. Citizens gathered in mass meetings to vote on issues
1. Relatively small # of citizens made this possible
a. 43,000 me made up assembly, fewer than 6000 voted
B. The United States = representative republic
III. Pericles
A. Athenian general helped Greece dominate Delian League
1. Treated other CS like subjects
B. Made Athens more democratic in some ways
1. Allowed lower class male citizens to be elected to public office
2. Emphasized philosophy, arts, and culture - “GOLDEN AGE OF
PERICLES”
3. Constructed beautiful public buildings
IV. Athenian Economy
A. most Athenians farmed, but couldn’t grow enough food for
population
Athenian Empire 2
IV. Athenian Economy
A. most Athenians farmed, but couldn’t grow enough food for population
B. Became trading center of Greek world, because of need to trade for food
V. Peloponnesian War
A. Athens vs. Sparta
B. Pericles’ Funeral Oration – public funeral for those who died in battle
1. Pericles reminds the Athenians of their power and greatness as a
democracy
2. Encouraged people to keep on fighting
C. Pericles has Athenians all come inside city walls
1. Sparta had no navy, so Athens can still receive supplies
2. Disease spreads through Athens – 1/3 of people died including Pericles
3. Sparta borrows money from Persia to build a navy & destroys Athenian
navy
4. Athens surrenders
VI. Sparta rules city-states for thirty years, but loses control