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C HAPTER 12 World War I 1914–1918 Chapter Main Ideas Section 1 %UROPEINWASONTHE BRINKOFWAR!FTERANASSASSINATION THENATIONSOF%UROPEWEREDRAWNONE BYONEINTOWHATWOULDBECALLEDTHE 'REAT7AROR7ORLD7AR) Section 2 7ITHTHEINTRODUCTION OFNEWTYPESOFWARFAREANDNEW TECHNOLOGIES7ORLD7AR)RESULTEDIN DESTRUCTIONONASCALENEVERBEFORE IMAGINED Section 3 4HEWARANDSOCIALUNREST COMBINEDTOPUSH2USSIATOTHEEDGE OFAREVOLUTION4HEEVENTSTHATFOL LOWEDLEDTO2USSIASEXITFROMTHE WARANDBECAMEAMAJORTURNINGPOINT INWORLDHISTORY Section 4 !FTERSEVERALYEARSOF BLOODYSTALEMATEANDTHEENTRYOFTHE 5NITED3TATESINTOTHECONmICTTHE !LLIED0OWERSlNALLYPREVAILED4HE PEACEHOWEVERPROVEDDIFlCULTTO ESTABLISH A variety of powerful forces—including growing nationalism, a tangle of alliances, and decades of rivalry and competition—created conditions that transformed a single assassination into a worldwide war. After years of unprecedented bloodshed and political upheaval, the warring nations finally reached an uneasy peace. Theme The role of governments and citizens in wartime has varied greatly throughout history. In this chapter you will examine how citizens contributed to the war effort during World War I. TIME LINE June 28, 1914 CHAPTER EVENTS Archduke Franz Ferdinand is assassinated in Sarajevo. July 28, 1914 May 1915 December 1915 February 1916 Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia, and World War I begins. Germany attacks and sinks the Lusitania. The Gallipoli Campaign ends. The Battle of Verdun begins. 1916 1914 WORLD EVENTS November 1916 August 1914 The Panama Canal opens. 378 Germany and Austria-Hungary establish the Kingdom of Poland. CHAPTER 12 Key to Differentiating Instruction Below Level Basic-level activities designed for all students encountering new material At Level Intermediate-level activities designed for average students Above Level Challenging activities designed for honors and gifted and talented students Standard English Mastery Activities designed to improve standard English usage 378 CHAPTER 12 Introduce the Chapter At Level World War I, 1914–1918 1.2EVIEWWITHSTUDENTSTHEDElNITIONOF alliance. 2./RGANIZESTUDENTSINTOSMALLGROUPSANDHAVE EACHGROUPMAKEALISTOFREASONSALLIANCES AREFORMEDBETWEENNATIONStrade, shared resources, mutual economic aid, defense 3.(AVESTUDENTSPICTUREWHATHAPPENSWHENA PEBBLEISTHROWNINTOAPONDRipples fan out far beyond where the pebble landed.%XPLAIN THAT7ORLD7AR)BEGANWITHJUSTONEMAN ASSASSINATINGANOTHERBUTTHISSEEMINGLY SMALLEVENTAFFECTEDTHELIVESOFMILLIONSOF PEOPLE4ELLSTUDENTSTHATBECAUSEOFPOLITICAL ALLIANCESMANYNATIONSBECAMEINVOLVEDIN 7ORLD7AR) 4.(AVESTUDENTSLISTTHECOUNTRIESTHATBECAME INVOLVEDIN7ORLD7AR)(AVETHEMDECIDE WHICHCOUNTRIESWEREALLIEDTOONEANOTHER (AVESTUDENTSWORKINPENCILSOTHEYCAN REVISETHEIRLISTSASNEEDED Interpersonal Alternative Assessment Handbook, Rubric14: Group Activity History's Impact video program Watch the video to understand the impact of modern warfare. HOLT History’s Impact C Video Program: World War I See the Video Teacher’s Guide for strategies for using the video segment. Reading Like a Historian Analyzing Primary Sources (AVE STUDENTSEXAMINETHEPHOTOGRAPHON THESEPAGES(AVETHEMOBSERVEWHERE THESOLDIERSAREHOWTHEYARESTANDING ANDWHERETHEYARELOOKING(AVE STUDENTSDETERMINEWHETHERORNOTTHEY THINKTHEPHOTOGRAPHERWASINDANGER Reading like a This photograph shows a British tank and British soldiers during a battle in 1917. World War I marked the first time that tanks were used in combat. Historian November 1917 November 11, 1918 Communists take control of Russia in the Bolshevik Revolution. An armistice ends the war. 1918 June 1917 Analyzing Visuals How do you think the use of tanks during World War I would change the nature of warfare? Explain your answer, referring to details from the photograph. See Skills Handbook, p. H26 The first Pulitzer Prizes are awarded. WORLD WAR I 379 Explore the Time Line Info to Know 1. 7HERE WAS !RCHDUKE &ERDINAND Inventing the Tank)N#OL%$3WINTON OF"RITAINSUGGESTEDMOUNTINGARMORAND lREPOWERONAN!MERICAN#ATERPILLAR4RACTOR 7HENTHEVEHICLESWERESENTTO&RANCETHE SHIPPINGLABELREADhWATERTANKSvTODISGUISE THESHIPMENTFROMTHE'ERMANS3UCHVEHICLES ARESTILLCALLEDhTANKSvTODAY Make Inferences7HYWOULDARMORHELPATANK INTRENCHWARFAREwould protect it from barbed wire and enemy fire ASSASSINATED Sarajevo 2. 7HAT ACTION DID 'ERMANY TAKE IN -AY OF attacked and sank the ,USITANIA 3. 7HEN WAS THE +INGDOM OF 0OLAND ESTABLISHED November 1916 4. 7HEN DID AN ARMISTICE END THE WAR November 11, 1918 go.hrw.com Online Resources Chapter Resources: KEYWORD: SHL WW1 Teacher Resources: KEYWORD: SHL TEACHER Answers Reading Like a Historian help armies cross wide, trenches; better protect soldiers; larger gun more deadly 379 Starting Points GEOGRAPHY Geography Starting Points Interactive EUROPEAN ALLIANCES AND MILITARY FORCES, 1914 ¡8 /038": 48&%&/ WFS 7PMHB 3J ¡ S WF 4F %&/."3, # J BMU D 3644*" /&5)&3-"/%4 / 0EFS WFS 3J #FSMJO CF &M 3 #&-(*6. "5-"/5*$ 0$&"/ %OJF QFS %OJ FTU -69 1BSJT 4FJO Map Transparency: European Alliances and Military Forces, 1914 7JFOOB #VEBQFTU 48*5; %BOVCF 3JWFS 1P3JWFS *5"-: &C S "356 ( 30."/*" #MBDL4FB 4&3#*" #6-("3*" S JWF 10 4BSBKFWP 3 P ¡8 3JWF S FS 3JWFS "6453*")6/("3: '3"/$& Interactive Map: European Alliances and Military Forces, 1914 O 3JWFS %P (&3."/: -POEPO World History Outline Maps 7PMHB3J 6/*5&% ,*/(%0. B /PSUI 4FB F3 The Schlieffen Plan"EFORETHEWAR BROKEOUT#OUNT!LFREDVON3CHLIEFFEN THECHIEFOFTHE'ERMANGENERALSTAFF DEVELOPEDAPLANNEDINVASIONOF&RANCE IN&ROMSEVERALPOINTSALONGTHE BORDER'ERMANTROOPSWOULDSWEEP THROUGH"ELGIUMINTONORTHEASTERN &RANCEANDDESTROYTHE&RENCHARMIESAT 0ARIS3CHLIEFFENEMPHASIZEDTHENEED FORASTRONGRIGHTWINGOFTHE'ERMAN ARMYADVANCINGASFARWESTASPOSSIBLE 4HEPLANWASABANDONEDHOWEVERBY THECIRCUMSTANCESOFTHEWAR $POTUBOUJOPQMF 5BHVT 3JWFS 3PNF 41"*/ .0/5&/&(30 "-#"/*" 0550."/&.1*3& ¡/ ¡ ¡& (3&&$& .FEJUFSSBOFBO4FB $FOUSBM1PXFST ¡& ¡& "'3*$" "MMJFE1PXFST .JMFT ,JMPNFUFST "[JNVUIBMFRVBMBSFBQSPKFDUJPO /FVUSBMOBUJPOT USPPQT In the late 1800s and early 1900s, European nations began a massive military buildup, in part to protect their overseas colonies from rival powers. At the same time, these nations formed a complicated network of alliances to protect themselves from opposing armed forces. By 1914 the uneasy peace was about to end. 380 1. Identify Which nations were members of the Allied Powers in 1914? Which nations made up the Central Powers? 2. Predict Given the alliances and the size of the armed forces in Europe in 1914, what might happen if conflict broke out? Listen to History Go online to listen to an explanation of the starting points for this chapter. go.hrw.com Keyword: SHL WW1 CHAPTER 12 Skills Focus: Analyzing Maps At Level Social Studies Skill Comparing Troop Strengths 1.$RAWTHECHARTFORSTUDENTSTOSEE/MITTHE Answers Geography Starting Points 1. Allied Powers—France, Montenegro, Russia, Serbia, United Kingdom; Central Powers—Austria, Hungary, Germany; 2. possible answer—The Allied Powers have more troops and would likely win, but would face a difficult challenge defeating Germany. 380 ITALICIZEDANSWERS(AVESTUDENTSWORKINPAIRS TOCOPYANDlLLINTHEIRCHARTS3TUDENTSSHOULD LISTTHENAMESOFALLTHE#ENTRAL0OWERSlRST ANDLISTALLTHE!LLIED0OWERSBELOWTHEM 2.(AVESTUDENTSDETERMINETHECORRECTNUMBER OFTROOPSANDHAVETHEMRECORDTHENUMBERS NEXTTOEACHCOUNTRY Visual-Spatial Alternative Assessment Handbook, Rubrics 13: Graphic Organizers; and 21: Map Reading Comparative Troop Strengths Countries Troops Germany 1,900,000 Austria-Hungary 450,000 United Kingdom 100,000 France 1,300,000 Serbia 200,000 Russia 1,400,000 SECTION 1 The Great War Begins BEFORE YOU READ MAIN IDEA READING FOCUS KEY TERMS AND PEOPLE Europe in 1914 was on the brink of war. After an assassination, the nations of Europe were drawn one by one into what would be called the Great War, or World War I. 1. Why was Europe on the brink of war in 1914? 2. Why did war break out? 3. What were the results of the fighting in 1914? Triple Alliance Triple Entente Franz Ferdinand Gavrilo Princip neutral Central Powers Allied Powers Western Front Getting Started Take notes on the events leading up to the outbreak of war. 5SETHEInteractive Reader and Study Guide TOFAMILIARIZESTUDENTSWITHTHESECTION CONTENT Interactive Reader and Study Guide, Section 1 World War I Begins Name _____________________________ Class _________________ Date __________________ World War I Section 1 MAIN IDEA Europe in 1914 was on the brink of war. After an assassination, the nations of Europe were drawn one by one into what would be called the Great War, or World War I. Key Terms and People How did an archduke’s trip lead to war? It seemed like a bad idea for Austrian archduke Franz Ferdinand to make a trip to the Bosnian city of Sarajevo (SAR-uh-YAY-voh). After all, Austria had taken over Bosnia and Herzegovina just six years earlier, and many Bosnians were still bitterly opposed to Austrian rule. Bosnia was also the home of many Serbs and ethnic Slavs who were equally outraged by Austria’s actions. Serbian leaders hoped to expand Serbia by uniting the ethnic Slavs in Bosnia, but Austria-Hungary stood in the way. Now the future ruler of the Austro-Hungarian Empire was coming to pay a visit. Franz Ferdinand’s visit to Sarajevo fell on June 28, which was also St. Vitus Day, a holiday that symbolized Serbian unity. Members of a Serbian terrorist group known as the Black Hand plotted to kill Franz Ferdinand. On the day that the archduke visited Sarajevo, seven members of the Black Hand positioned themselves around the city to watch for him. One would-be assassin, 19-yearold Gavrilo Princip, had just stepped out of a sandwich shop when Franz Ferdinand’s car pulled up in front of him. Unable to believe his luck, Princip grabbed his pistol and fired, killing both the archduke and the archduke’s wife, Sophie. This assassination started a chain of events that, within weeks, would pull most of Europe into the largest war the world had ever seen. Soldiers arrest Gavrilo Princip after he shoots Archduke Franz Ferdinand. Triple Alliance partnership that united Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy Triple Entente alliance between France, Russia, and Great Britain Franz Ferdinand archduke of Austria-Hungary whose assassination led to World War I Gavrilo Princip young Serbian who assassinated Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophie neutral taking no side in a conflict Central Powers term for Germany and Austria-Hungary in World War I Allied Powers term for Great Britain, France, Russia, and Serbia in World War I Western Front series of trenches dug by both the Allied Powers and Central Powers in northern France, resulting in a deadlock Taking Notes As you read the summary, take notes on the events leading up to the outbreak of war in a graphic organizer like this one. Add boxes as needed. Original content Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor. Modern Era Chapter 12 136 Interactive Reader and Study Guide CRF: Vocabulary Builder: Section 1 Taking Notes assassination of Archduke Ferdinand starts a chain of events; militarism, alliances, imperialism, and nationalism cause tensions in Europe A MURDER IN BOSNIA WORLD WAR I Teach the Main Idea 381 At Level Events of World War I Materials: CHARTPAPER 3. Review 5SINGCHARTPAPERCREATEALARGE CAUSESANDEFFECTSCHARTFORSTUDENTSTO SEE&OREACHSECTIONHAVEVOLUNTEERSFROM QUESTIONSTOTEACHTHISSECTION EACHGROUPRECORDCAUSESANDEFFECTSTHEY 2. Apply /RGANIZESTUDENTSINTOSMALLGROUPS DISCOVERED (AVEEACHGROUPCREATEATWOCOLUMN CHARTLISTINGSEVERALCAUSESANDEFFECTSTHEY 4. Practice/Homework (AVEEACHSTUDENT WRITEAONEPARAGRAPHSUMMARYOFTHEMAJOR IDENTIFYINEACHSECTIONOFTHISCHAPTER EVENTSOFTHE'REAT7AR Verbal-Linguistic, 1. Teach !SKSTUDENTSTHE2EADING&OCUS Visual-Spatial Alternative Assessment Handbook, Rubric 6: Cause and Effect WORLD WAR I 381 Europe on the Brink of War In 1914, rising tensions in Europe had the continent on the brink of war. These tensions were the result of four factors: militarism, alliances, imperialism, and nationalism. Reading Focus Militarism Throughout the late 1800s and Why was Europe on the brink of war in 1914? rising tensions resulting from militarism, alliances, imperialism, and nationalism early 1900s, European countries had undertaken a massive military buildup. This militarism was caused mostly by the desire to protect overseas colonies from other nations. Across Europe, the size of armed forces and navies had risen sharply, particularly in Germany. The growing power of Europe’s armed forces left all sides anxious and ready to act at the first sign of trouble. In this nervous environment, even a minor disagreement had the potential to turn quickly into armed conflict. Europe on the Brink of War Recall 7HYDID%UROPEANNATIONS BUILDUPTHEIRMILITARYFORCESto protect their overseas colonies Summarize 7HATDIDTHELEADERS OFALLIANCESINTHELATESBELIEVE that their alliances would keep the peace, and that no single nation would attack another Predict 7HATDOYOUTHINKWILLHAP PENBETWEENTHESEGROUPSOFALLIES possible answer—When one nation is attacked, its allies will join to defend them, resulting in a larger war. Causes of World War I Analyze 7HICHFACTORLISTEDINTHECHART MOSTINmUENCEDETHNIC3ERBSTOREBEL AGAINST!USTRIA(UNGARYnationalism G Quick Facts Transparency: Causes of World War I Answers Reading Check rising tensions as result of militarism, alliances, imperialism, and nationalism 382 MILITARISM • European nations engage in a massive military buildup. ALLIANCES • European countries form partnerships to protect themselves. IMPERIALISM • Rival empires seek to keep power. NATIONALISM • People feel loyalty and devotion to their country or culture. Alliances Seeking to protect themselves from opposing armed forces, the nations of Europe formed a series of alliances, or partnerships. For example, in the late 1800s, the so-called Triple Alliance united Germany, AustriaHungary, and Italy. France and Russia feared Germany’s growing power and formed their own alliance. Soon Great Britain joined with France and Russia in a less formal promise to cooperate—an entente (ahn-TAHNT). France, Russia, and Great Britain thus became known as the Triple Entente. Leaders hoped that these alliances would help keep the peace. They believed that no single nation would attack another, since that action would prompt the attacked nation’s allies to join the fight. Info to Know Heart Surgery#ARDIACSURGERYWASlRST PERFORMEDDURING7ORLD7AR))N AUTHOR3TEPHEN0AGETWROTETHEOPINION THATHEARTSURGERYWASIMPOSSIBLEAND SHOULDNOTBEATTEMPTEDBYSURGEONS)N HOWEVER"RITISHSURGEON'EORGE 'REY4URNERREMOVEDABULLETFROMA SOLDIERSHEART%VENTHOUGHTHEREWASNO BLOODBANKNOANTIBIOTICSONLYPRIMITIVE ANESTHESIAANDPOORLIGHTINGATTHETIME THESOLDIERLIVEDTHROUGHTHESURGERYAND WASSTILLLIVINGINWHENTHECASE WASlNALLYREPORTED.EARLYHALFACEN TURYAFTER0AGETSSTATEMENTHEARTSURGERY ATLASTBECAMEACCEPTEDANDTECHNIQUES ADVANCEDRAPIDLY CAUSES OF WORLD WAR I Imperialism The quest to build empires in the late 1800s and early 1900s had created much rivalry and ill will among the nations of Europe. Germany, France, Russia, and Great Britain each saw themselves as great imperial nations. They believed they could not afford to stand by while a rival empire gained power. southeastern Europe that was home to many ethnic groups. In the early 1900s, some of these ethnic groups were trying to break free from the Ottoman Empire, which had ruled the Balkans for hundreds of years but was now nearing collapse. Some of the strongest nationalist tensions in the Balkans were in Serbia. At the time, Serbia was an independent nation. Many ethnic Serbs, however, lived outside Serbia in other areas of the Balkans. Serbian leaders wanted to expand the nation’s borders and unite all their people in a “greater Serbia.” But AustriaHungary, the powerful empire to the north of Serbia, opposed any Serbian expansion, fearing that such growth might encourage ethnic groups within Austria-Hungary to rebel. Tensions between Austria-Hungary and Serbs would continue to rise in the early 1900s. Summarize Why was Europe on the brink of war in 1914? Nationalism An important part of the rising tensions in Europe was an increase in nationalism beginning in the late 1800s. Nationalism is a strong devotion to one’s national group or culture. In Europe, nationalism led to the formation of new countries, including Germany and Italy, and struggles for power. The most visible of these power struggles was in the Balkan Peninsula, a region of 382 War Breaks Out In the midst of the tensions and resentment the Serbs felt toward Austria-Hungary, the archduke of Austria-Hungary, Franz Ferdinand, decided to visit the Bosnian city of Sarajevo (SAR-uh-YAY-voh). On June 28, 1914, as Franz Ferdinand’s car drove through the Sarajevo CHAPTER 12 Differentiating Instruction Special Education Students Materials:CHARTPAPER 1.2EVIEWWITHSTUDENTSTHELOCATIONSOFCOUNTRIES THATBECAMEINVOLVEDIN7ORLD7AR) 2./RGANIZESTUDENTSINTOGROUPSOFFOURORlVE !SSIGNEACHGROUPONEBORDERAREABETWEEN TWONONALLIEDNATIONS 3.(AVEEACHGROUPlNDANDTRACEADETAILED MAPOFITSASSIGNEDAREAINCLUDINGLANDFORM DETAILSANDROUTESACROSSTHEBORDERS!SKEACH GROUPTOSELECTAMEMBERTOlNDANDPRINT OUTDETAILEDAERIALPHOTOSOFTHEBORDERAREA At Level Research Required )TMAYTAKESEVERALPRINTSTOCOVERTHEFULL BORDER(AVESTUDENTSATTACHTHEPRINTOUTSTO THEOUTSIDEOFTHEDRAWNMAPSUSINGARROWSTO INDICATEWHICHSECTIONSTHEYREPRESENT 4."ASEDONTHEIROBSERVATIONSHAVEGROUP MEMBERSWRITETHEIRPREDICTIONSABOUTHOWTHE LANDFORMSMIGHTAFFECTTHECOURSEOFWARAT THATLOCATION!LLOWTIMEFORGROUPSTOSHARE THEIRWORK Interpersonal, Visual-Spatial Alternative Assessment Handbook, Rubrics 20: Map Creation; and 30: Research WORLD WAR I BATTLES, 1914 "MMJFE1PXFST $FOUSBM1PXFST #B /&5)&3-"/%4 -POEPO #&-(*6. ¡8 48*5; *5"-: 3PNF - 41"*/ 4&3#*" #6-("3*" .JMFT ,JMPNFUFST "[JNVUIBMFRVBMBSFBQSPKFDUJPO 0550."/ &.1*3& FB ¡& ¡& $POTUBOUJOPQMF GEOGRAPHY SKILLS INTERPRETING MAPS streets, a young Serbian man, Gavrilo Princip, opened fire with his pistol, killing the archduke and the archduke’s wife, Sophie. The Impact Princip was arrested after the assassination. When he was identified as a Serb, Austria-Hungary decided to use the murder as an excuse to punish Serbia. Austria-Hungary made a series of humiliating demands of Serbia and then declared war on July 28, 1914. Russia, a country with many people of Slavic ethnicity, had previously promised to support the Serbs if Austria-Hungary attacked. When Russia prepared to fulfill its promise to the Serbs, Austria-Hungary’s ally Germany saw the Russian action as a threat. Germany declared war on Russia and then on Russia’s ally, France. Thus, Europe’s alliances and rivalries turned the action of a single assassin into a major conflict. Fighting Begins Located in central Europe, Germany faced a war on two fronts—against Russia to the east and France to the west. Years earlier, German military planners had developed the Schlieffen Plan, which called for German troops to quickly defeat France in the 1. Location Where was the Western Front located at this time? What were the results of the major battles fought there? 2. Movement Describe the movements of the Allied Powers and the Central Powers. west and then head east to fight Russia. German leaders believed this strategy would be effective because Russia’s vast size meant that the Russian military would need some time to move toward the German border. Germany began with a quick strike into Belgium, which was located between Germany and France. Belgium was a neutral country, or a country that takes no side in a conflict. Still, Germany planned to sweep through that country and then move on to France. Germany’s attack on a neutral country led Great Britain to declare war on Germany. The main players of what came to be called World War I, or the Great War, were now in place. Germany and Austria-Hungary made up one side, known as the Central Powers. Great Britain, France, Russia, and Serbia were known as the Allied Powers. Russian Advancement (AVESTUDENTSREFERTOTHEMAPAND PROPOSEANALTERNATEPOSITIONFORTHE ADVANCEOF2USSIA5SESTICKYNOTES ONAWALLMAPIFAVAILABLETOINDICATE PROPOSED2USSIANPOSITIONS(AVE STUDENTSDISCUSSANDEXPLAINTHEIR IDEAS Visual-Spatial Map Transparency: World War I Battles, 1914 CRF: Biography: Sophie, Duchess von Hohenberg READING SKILLS Understanding Sequencing In what order did the Allied Powers become involved in the war? Answers WORLD WAR I Social Studies Skill Recall 7HICHCOUNTRYDID'ERMANY ATTACKONITSWAYTOINVADE&RANCE Belgium Explain 7HYDID'ERMANYDECLARE WARON2USSIAGermany, an ally of Austria-Hungary, saw Russia’s plan to support the Serbs as a threat. Alternative Assessment Handbook, Rubric 6: Cause and Effect Sequence What events led to the outbreak of World War I? Skills Focus: Interpreting Movement Maps Why did war break out? AustriaHungary blamed Serbia for the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand, leading to war between both countries’ allies. War Breaks Out #MBDL4FB .0/5&/&(30 (3&&$& ¡ $FOUSBM1PXFSTWJDUPSZ S3 30."/*" 4BSBKFWP Reading Focus "MMJFE1PXFSTWJDUPSZ UF "-#"/*" ¡/ .FEJUFSSBOFBO 4FB 'SPOUMJOF #VEBQFTU 7JFOOB 3 P 5BHVT 3 %OJF QF %OJ FT "6453*" )6/("3: 1P3 &C S 10 356 (" #FSMJO $FOUSBM1PXFSTBEWBODF 3 VCF3 %BO 3644*" "MMJFE1PXFSTBEWBODF S '3"/$& -69 /FVUSBMOBUJPOT 1BSJT TU.BSOF 4FQU 8&45&3/ '30/5 D 5BOOFOCFSH 0E FS 3 "VHo4FQU &"45&3/ '30/5 (&3."/: 'SPOUJFST "VH "5-"/5*$ 0$&"/ MUJ & MC F3 TU:QSFT 0DUo/PW ¡/ 48&%&/ 3 %PO 6/*5&% ,*/(%0. %&/."3, TU.BTVSJBO-BLFT 4FQU 4 /PSUI 4FB 383 At Level Prep Required Troop Strength Materials:ONEBLACKOUTLINEMAPPERSTUDENT 3.5SINGTHEPUNCHOUTSTOREPRESENTEACHGROUP GLUEPUNCHEDHOLESFROMTWOCOLORSOFPAPER OFTROOPSHAVESTUDENTSDISTRIBUTE THEAPPROPRIATENUMBEROFTROOPSASTHEY 1.$ISTRIBUTEBLACKOUTLINEMAPSOF%UROPETO WERELIKELYTOHAVEBEENPLACEDBYTHE!LLIED EACHSTUDENT2EVIEWTHENUMBERSOFTROOPS 0OWERSANDTHE#ENTRAL0OWERS5SEDIFFERENT SHOWNONTHE'EOGRAPHY3TARTING0OINTSMAP COLORSTOREPRESENTEACHALLIEDGROUP$ISPLAY %UROPEAN!LLIANCESAND-ILITARY&ORCES STUDENTWORK Visual-Spatial 2.(AVESTUDENTSLIGHTLYPENCILINTHEFRONTLINES Alternative Assessment Handbook, Rubric 20: ANDTHEARROWSREPRESENTINGADVANCESFROMTHE Map Creation MAPONTHISPAGE$ISTRIBUTEPILESOFTWOCOLORS OFPAPERPUNCHOUTSTOEACHROWOFSTUDENTS Reading Skills Germans attack Belgium, Great Britain declares war on Germany, French and British fight in Battle of the Frontiers, Russia attacks Germany from east Interpreting Maps 1. along the border of Germany and France; refer to map; 2. The Central Powers advanced toward Russia to the east, France to the west, and Serbia to the south; the Allied Powers advanced along the Eastern Front. Reading Check Serbian Gavrilo Princip killed Austrian Archduke Ferdinand and his wife; Germany (an ally of Austria-Hungary) declared war on Russia (an ally of Serbia); Germany attacked Belgium; Great Britain declared war on Germany 383 FACES OF HISTORY Friedrich Wilhelm Viktor Albert became emperor of Germany when he was only 29 years old. Wilhelm believed the ideal 1859–1941 ruler was someone who would make a nation powerful and respected. He was determined to make Germany a world power. Under Wilhelm’s rule, the German armed forces underwent a massive expansion. Wilhelm believed that his personal relationships with the leaders of Great Britain and Russia would help prevent war, but he was mistaken. His aggressive, tactless actions, combined with his desire to build a powerful German military, helped lead the world into a devastating war. Find the Main Idea How did Wilhelm help cause World War I? Kaiser Reading Focus What were the results of the fighting in 1914? Both sides suffered heavy losses; Russia attacked East Prussia; trench warfare began; the war became a bloody stalemate. Fighting in 1914 Identify 7HATWASTHENAMEOFTHE WILHELM II trous. In the Battle of Tannenberg, German forces crushed the Russian invasion. The Russian attack had failed to defeat the Germans, but it succeeded in distracting German forces from their advance on France. This distraction allowed Allied forces to collect themselves and turn on the German invaders. Trench Warfare Begins In the Battle of the Marne in early September 1914, the Allied troops succeeded in driving the Germans back. After retreating, German forces dug a series of trenches, or deep ditches, along the Aisne (AYN) River and awaited the Allied attack. One British soldier described the German trenches: HISTORY’S VOICES [German] infantry are holding strong lines of “trenches among and along the edge of the numer- DISASTROUS2USSIANBATTLEThe Battle of Tannenberg Identify Cause and Effect 7HAT EFFECTDIDTHE2USSIANATTACKON%AST 'ERMANTERRITORYHAVEONTHE7ESTERN &RONTIt distracted the Germans and removed pressure on France. Fighting in 1914 Germany’s plans for a swift victory in France soon failed. By the end of 1914, the Great War had become a bloody stalemate. Early Battles Beginning in August 1914, German troops fought French and British forces in a series of clashes known as the Battle of the Frontiers. Both sides suffered heavy losses, but the result was a German victory. While France was struggling to fight off Germany during the Battles of the Frontiers, Russia attacked German territory from the east. The results for the Russians were disas- CRF: History and Geography: World War I: Early Fighting ous woods which crown the slopes. These trenches are elaborately constructed and cleverly concealed. In many places there are wire entanglements. ” —British colonel Ernest Swinton, September 18, 1914 From their strongly defended trenches on the Aisne, the Germans were able to fight back the Allied forces. But the Allied forces soon dug trenches of their own. As a result, German and Allied positions would change little in the coming months, despite a series of major battles. The deadlocked region in northern France became known as the Western Front. Summarize What were the major events of the fighting in 1914? go.hrw.com Close (AVESTUDENTSEXPLAINHOWALLIANCES CAUSED7ORLD7AR)TOEXPANDQUICKLY Review Online Quiz, Section 1 Assess SE Section 1 Assessment Progress Assessment: Section 1 Quiz Alternative Assessment Handbook Reteach/Intervene Interactive Reader and Study Guide, Section 1 SECTION 1 Online Quiz ASSESSMENT Keyword: SHL WW1 HP Reviewing Ideas, Terms, and People Critical Thinking 1. a. Identify What were the Triple Alliance and the Triple 4. Identify Cause and Effect Using your notes on the section Entente? b. Explain Why do you think European governments expanded the size of their armed forces? c. Draw Conclusions How did the increased size and power of military forces make fighting more likely? and a graphic organizer like the one below, explain how the events of the late 1800s and early 1900s led up to the outbreak of World War I. 2. a. Describe What was the crime that led to the start of World War I? b. Make Inferences After Franz Ferdinand was killed, why do you think that Austria-Hungary chose to take the actions it did? c. Develop How might Germany have worked to stop the war from beginning? 3. a. Recall What forces fought in the war’s first major battle? b. Analyze How did the construction of trenches affect the war in 1914? 384 5. Persuasion Write notes for a speech that a European leader trying to prevent the outbreak of war might have given in July 1914. Use details from the chapter in your notes. CHAPTER 12 Interactive Skills Tutor CD-ROM Section 1 Assessment Answers Answers Faces of History was aggressive and tactless, determined to make Germany a world power Reading Check Germany advanced though Belgium to attack France; Russia attacked East Prussia; Russians crushed in Battle of Tannenberg; British and French forces regrouped; millions died or were wounded; trench warfare resulted in a stalemate 384 1. a. The Triple Alliance united Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy. The Triple Entente included France, Russia, and Great Britain. b. possible answer—to protect overseas colonies from other nations c. The growing power of Europe’s armed forces left all sides ready for war. 2. a. the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife by Gavrilo Princip b. possible answer—Austria-Hungary opposed Serbian expansion, so they used the assassination as an excuse to punish Serbia. c. possible answer—Germany could have avoided attacking Serbia’s allies. 3. a. German troops fought French and British b. Trench warfare would cause higher casualties. 4. buildup of armed forces in Europe; alliances formed; assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand; Germany invaded Belgium and France; Great Britain and Russia join the war 5. possible speech topics—alliances will not prevent war; militarism should be avoided; nationalism and imperialism may lead to war