Download Ch. 28 - SJS AP World History

Chapter 28

The great Western empires declined and were replaced
by regional groups and multinational corporations

There are several triggers for this dramatic shift.
 Collapse of European imperial dominance and subsequent
decolonization.
 Massive technological innovation in military capacity and
communications.
 Explosion in population growth.



These triggers created political innovation and a renewed
globalization.
Many societies resisted changes to traditional
worldviews.
These developments effected people’s emotions and
behaviors by decreasing birth rates and increasing
consumerism.
Militarism
Alliances
Imperialism
Nationalism
Germany was competing
with Britain to build
Dreadnought battleships.
 The British
feared an
attack on
their Empire


Germany was competing with
Russia and France to expand their
armies
1880

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
Germany
France
Russia
1.3mil.
0.73mil.
0.40mil.
1914
5.0 mil.
4.0 mil.
1.2 mil.
Compare total U.S. forces today 1.082
million
Kaiser Wilhelm II
Built up German army and
navy
 Aggressive foreign policy
after 1910
 Wanted to equal British
navy -- arms race
 Determined to make
Germany a top nation.
 Distrusted by other
powers


By 1914 all the major powers were linked by a system of alliances.
Triple Alliance




Central Powers (add...)



Ottomans Oct. 1914
Bulgaria Oct. 1915
Triple Entente




Germany
Austria-Hungary
Italy (but…1915)
Great Britain
France
Russia
Allied Powers (add...)



Italy (May 1915, defence only)
Japan
USA (1917)
The alliances made it more likely that a war would start.
Once started, the alliances made it more likely to spread.
Central Powers:
(rapid
communications
and movement,
Germany
(#1 Army)
better Army)
Austria-Hungary
Ottoman Empire
Bulgaria
Allies: (more
soldiers, better
industry, and navy)
Great Britain (#1 Navy)
Russia
France
Italy
Japan
United States (1917)
+26 other countries



All the great powers were competing for colonies &
territory.
The British feared Germany in Africa & in their sea
lanes.
The Austrians feared Serbia/Russia in the Balkans


This was an age when all nations wanted to assert
their power and independence.
In Europe Slavs, aided by Serbia and Russia, wanted
to be free of Austrian rule. (Pan-Slavism)


Austria Annexed
Bosnia Herzegovina
(1908)
“The Balkan
Powder Keg”
Balkans site of many
conflicts
Serbia’s
national flag




28 June 1914
Heir to Austrian
throne Archduke
Franz Ferdinand
visits Sarajevo.
Capital of Bosnia,
recently grabbed by
Austria (1908)
Hotbed of Slavic
nationalism
Seal of the Black Hand
group
13 Basic Steps to World War…..
1.
6/28/1914, Gavriel Princip assassinates Austrian archduke in Sarajevo.
2.
1st afraid of what Russia would do, they secured support from Germany

7/5/1914, Germany gives “blank cheque”to Austria before the Kaiser went
on a cruise on his yacht until 27 Aug!
3.
7/23-7/28/1914, “July Crisis” Austria-Hungary sends a very tough “July
Ultimatum” for Serbia (Threatened harmful action if demands not met)
4.
7/24/1914, Serbia agrees to all but one(2) term of the ultimatum (Police in
Serbia)
5.
7/28/1914, Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia (quick victory?)
6.
7/29/1914, Russia mobilizes troops to Austria-Hungary & German Borders
7.
7/30/1914, Germany demands that Russia stands its armies down
8.
7/31/1914, German ultimatum to Russia, stop its mobilization, or Germany
would attack France. Germany begins mobilizing
9.
8/1/1914, Germany declares war on Russia
10.
8/3/1914, Germany declares war on France, Russia’s allies
11.
8/3-4/1914, Germany invades Belgium on their way to France (Schlieffen Plan)
12. 8/4/1914, Britain declares war because of its alliance with France & Russia, and
Germany breaking Belgium's neutrality treaty (1839 “Scrap of Paper”)
13.
8/23/1914, Japan allies with Britain, declares war on Germany, interested in
securing German territories in China & the Pacific.
The War in Europe
 Stalemate on Western Front


Trench warfare
Massive losses
 War of attrition
The War in the East
 Russians


Offensives against Germany
Huge losses, Battle of Tannenberg
 78,000 casualties, 90,000 captured
The War and in Italy
 Italians
1915, switch sides, promised “Share of
the Spoils” including territories of
Dalmatia & Fiume (or Rijeka)
 War with Austrians stalemated

---City of Rijeka
World
War I
Fronts in
Europe
and the
Middle
East
Page 648
Battle of Jutland
Most devastating war in
history up to that
point; because of
these new innovations
& old tactics.


Chivalry was done…
U-Boats
German Submarines
Torpedoes
 Mines
 2 hulls


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
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Machine Guns
Firepower of many
rifles
Rapid fire
Very Heavy
Devastating to infantry
attacks
Long-Range Artillery


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
Fires large projectile
Long range
Trenches built for
protection
Psychological Effects
“Paris Gun”
81 miles

Airplane
New invention
Turned into weapon
 Dogfights
 Drop bombs
 Baron von Ricthofen “The
Red Baron”

 Shot down 80 aircraft

Tank
British Invention



Heavily armored
Various types of guns
Ran on Treads
 Able to get through
barbed wire and get into
enemy defenses.

Zeppelin


First flew 1900
Poison gas

Disabling
 Tear gas
 Mustard gas

Deadly
 Chlorine
 Phosgene
 (carbon monoxide
and chlorine)

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Flamethrower
Trench Warfare
Barbed Wire
The Home Fronts in Europe
 Each of the powers was able to mobilize large numbers of
soldiers
 Despite food shortages
 Privations at home
Little sympathy at home
 Growth in governments increased in power
 Many industrial sectors of these nations were co-opted by
the state
 Propaganda encouraged their citizens to keep the war effort
going and drummed up support from neutral nations
(Especially USA)
 Suppression of criticism
Labor groups dissatisfied
 Weakens Germany
 Russia falls
 Both monarchs would fall to revolution
The War Outside Europe

British block supplies to Central Powers
 Uses imperial resources, manpower
 Indians deployed in many areas

French
 Use African troops

Japan
 Fights Germans in Shandong peninsula China, the Pacific

Ottomans
 Side with Germany
 Armenian genocide

United States
 Begins neutral 1914-1915 (Wilson elected to 2nd term 1916 on isolation stance)
 Material help 1915-1916, Sinking of Lusitania not main reason to enter war,
however with the propaganda attached swayed people
 1917, Germany’s Unrestricted Submarine warfare- war zone around Britain
 Zimmerman Telegram (Mexico)
 Russians March Revolution (Tsar Nicolas II abdicated on 13 March)
 April 6, 1917, enters war
 Wilson, “The world must be safe for democracy.”
Used information both true
and false to get people to back
to was effort
 Women
were used
in factories,
the men
were drafted
to fight.
Women in work force replaced
men in the workplace,
 calls for political and social
equality increased.
 As a result, in Britain, Germany,
and the United States, women
gained the vote after the war.

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Britain blockaded the North Sea
Germany had their blockade of U-Boats, sinking British
shipping, Lusitania sank in 20 minutes – 1,198 deaths
(128 Americans)
Most famous and deadliest torpedoed ship of war
Germany temporally backed off with warning from U.S.


Ottomans stop
the British Navy
& ANZ troops
Churchill’s Fiasco
Total Killed: 7,940,000 soldiers (over 10 million including civilians)

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Treaty of
Brest-Litovsk
March 3, 1918
Armistice day 11th month, 11th day, 11th hour – Fighting stopped
The Treaty of Versailles left its signers dissatisfied.

The English & French pushed the Americans into an
agreement
 The punishment of the Germans
 War guilt/Reparations

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Japan and Italy’s hoped-for gains were largely ignored
Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire collapsed as
political entities
The new communist government in Russia was not allowed
to participate in the peace conference
Woodrow Wilson’s 14 points
 U.S. would not join League of Nations
 League of Nations ended up weak and unable to stop
WWII
 Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Poland independent
 Mandates – Carving up the Middle East
Ultimately, the Treaty of Versailles failed to bring a lasting
peace, for it angered the people of a defeated and humiliated
 Germany felt & rallied, “Stabbed in the back!”
 Treaty of Versailles (Peace of Paris) led to WWII

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The
Middle
East After
World
War I
Mandates

Impact
future
Subjugated peoples of colonies question status
Europeans fighting each other
 Industrialized to help out war effort – India becomes
industrialized because of Britain’s need for war resources
 First time Europeans ordered Africans/Asians to kill other
Europeans
 Colonial leaders went to battlefield – left void

 Gave administrative responsibility to the indigenous peoples
Initially made promises from British/French – then reneged
 Questioned racial superiority theory
 Social/economic problems make it easier to motivate mass
protests

Burma, Indonesia, and the Philippines were also looking for
independence…..
India: The Makings of the Nationalist Challenge to the British Raj
(rule)
Nationalist movements
 By the beginning of the 20th century, resistance to over a
hundred years of British rule mounted in India.
 Charges of British racism and detrimental economic policy
grew steadily.
Worldwide patterns
Leadership of Western-educated elite
Charismatic leaders
Nonviolence
India
National Congress Party, 1885
Initially loyal to British
Spurred by racism
Builds Indian identity
Social Foundations of a Mass Movement

Critique of British rule

Economic privilege for British

Indian army used for British interests
High-paid British officials - Cash crops push out food production
The Rise of Militant Nationalism
Hindu/Muslim split & B.G. Tilak

Indian Independence Movement leader
 demanded full and immediate independence and threatened
violence.
 His rhetoric appealed to many Hindus,
 but frightened others, especially moderate Hindus and Muslims.

Nationalism above religious concerns

Boycotts of British goods, Bombay regions

Hindu communalists
 Secret societies sprang up that
 promoted and carried out violence, but British crackdowns limited
their effectiveness i.e. Terrorism in Bengal

Morley-Minto reforms, (Indian Councils Act of 1909)
 More opportunity for Indians – vote serve on legislative councils
The Emergence of Gandhi and the Spread of the Nationalist
Struggle

Loyal to British at start of war
 But war casualties and costs mount
 Inflation, famine
 Promises broken

Montagu-Chelmsford reforms, 1919
 Greater Indian participation in government

Rowlatt Act, 1919
 Civil rights restricted (freedom of press), revolutionist
rounded up
 Gandhi protests
Mohandas K. Ghandi

Nonviolence
 Satyagraha, or truth force, Unlike Tilak,
 appealed to both the masses and the Western-educated
nationalist politicians.
 emphasis on nonviolent but persistent protest weakened
British control of India.
 Under his leadership, nationalist protest surged in India
during the 1920s and 1930s.
Egypt and the Rise of Nationalism in the Middle East

Egyptian nationalism
 mutiny of Ahmad Orabi
 1882 British occupation aimed at liberation Egyptian
from Turks
Lord Cromer

Economic reforms, public works projects

Reforms benefited upper classes
 Journalists led the way
1890s

Political parties form
 Harsh repression
 Focuses Egyptian nationalism

By the early 20th century, decades of ill will between the
British and the population led to violence on both sides.
Dinshawi Incident, 1906

British officers shooting pigeons for sport shot and
wounded the wife of the iman (religious leader) by accident
British grant constitution, 1913

The outbreak of World War I saw a temporary decrease of
hostilities in Egypt, but then….

Revolt in Egypt, 1919
 Egypt a British protectorate, 1914
 Martial law to protect Suez Canal
 War drains Egyptian resources
 Egyptians refused to present at
Versailles
 By the end of the World War I, Egypt
was ripe for revolt. Students and,
significantly, women, led large
demonstrations against colonial rule.
British withdrawal began in 1922.
 To withdrawal from Canal zone, 1936
War and Nationalist Movements in the Middle East
Mustafa Kemal (Ataturk, father of the Turks)
 1923 A Turkish republic was formed on the basis of a
Western model.
 England and France divided the defeated Ottoman
Empire’s Arab holdings into mandates
 Promises to former Ottoman subjects Reneged
 World Zionist Organization
 Zionism
 Theodore Herzl
 Balfour Declaration of 1917
 “establishment in Palestine of a national home
for the Jewish people”
 Approved by the League of Nations on July 24,
1922.
 These conflicting movements led to great tension
in the Middle East
 We still see today
The Beginnings of the Liberation Struggle in Africa

WWI
 supported their British and French occupiers in World
War I,
 promises of nationhood after the war.
 those promises went unfulfilled, protests ensued
 Drained resources

Western-educated Africans gain authority
 alarmed the European powers and encouraged anticolonial sentiments.

Pan-African movement (Americans)
 Marcus Garvey
 W.E.B. Du Bois

Paris
 By the 1920s, pan-Africanism faded, replaced by the
brand of nationalism seen in other colonies.
 Négritude (literary movement)
 Sédar Senghor
 Aimé Césaire
 Léon Damas

The great age of African independence came after World
War II
Set many templates for the 20th century.
 The decline of European hegemony,
 The emergence of the United States and Japan
on the global stage
 Communist rule in Russia were results of the
war
 Nationalist surges in European colonies
 Increased political power of labor
organizations and women.

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What started World War I?
How did militarism grow out of the conflicts
among European nations?
Why did European nations form alliances?
Why were the Balkans at the center of the
conflict between European powers?
What event led to Great Britain’s entering the
war against Germany?
Why did Italy switch sides?

What started World War I?


How did militarism grow out of the conflicts among
European nations?


An outlet to the sea, its own nationalism, & Pan-Slavism
What event led to Great Britain’s entering the war against
Germany?


To maintain the balance of power.
Why were the Balkans at the center of the conflict between
European powers?


Thought that their goals could only be achieved by threat or use of
force.
Why did European nations form alliances?


(M.A.I.N.) Militarism-Alliances-Imperialism-Nationalism
Germany’s disregard for Belgian neutrality
Why did Italy switch sides?

Share of the Spoils, problem with Triple Alliance