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C HAPTER
12
World War I
1914–1918
Chapter Main Ideas
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A variety of powerful
forces—including growing
nationalism, a tangle of
alliances, and decades of rivalry and
competition—created conditions that
transformed a single assassination into
a worldwide war. After years of unprecedented bloodshed and political upheaval,
the warring nations finally reached an
uneasy peace.
Theme
The role of governments and citizens in wartime
has varied greatly throughout history. In this
chapter you will examine how citizens contributed
to the war effort during World War I.
TIME LINE
June 28, 1914
CHAPTER
EVENTS
Archduke Franz
Ferdinand is assassinated in Sarajevo.
July 28, 1914
May 1915
December 1915
February 1916
Austria-Hungary
declares war on Serbia,
and World War I begins.
Germany attacks
and sinks the
Lusitania.
The Gallipoli
Campaign ends.
The Battle
of Verdun begins.
1916
1914
WORLD
EVENTS
November 1916
August 1914
The Panama Canal opens.
378
Germany and Austria-Hungary
establish the Kingdom of Poland.
CHAPTER 12
Key to Differentiating Instruction
Below Level
Basic-level activities designed for all
students encountering new material
At Level
Intermediate-level activities designed
for average students
Above Level
Challenging activities designed for
honors and gifted and talented students
Standard English Mastery
Activities designed to improve standard
English usage
378
CHAPTER 12
Introduce the Chapter
At Level
World War I, 1914–1918
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Alternative Assessment Handbook, Rubric14:
Group Activity
History's Impact video program
Watch the video to understand the impact of
modern warfare.
HOLT
History’s Impact
C Video Program: World War I
See the Video Teacher’s Guide
for strategies for using the video
segment.
Reading Like a Historian
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This photograph shows a
British tank and British
soldiers during a battle in 1917. World War I marked
the first time that tanks were used in combat.
Historian
November 1917
November 11, 1918
Communists take
control of Russia in the
Bolshevik Revolution.
An armistice ends
the war.
1918
June 1917
Analyzing Visuals How do you think the use of
tanks during World War I would change the nature of
warfare? Explain your answer, referring to details from
the photograph.
See Skills Handbook, p. H26
The first Pulitzer
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WORLD WAR I
379
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go.hrw.com
Online Resources
Chapter Resources:
KEYWORD: SHL WW1
Teacher Resources:
KEYWORD: SHL TEACHER
Answers
Reading Like a Historian help armies
cross wide, trenches; better protect
soldiers; larger gun more deadly
379
Starting Points
GEOGRAPHY
Geography Starting Points
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In the late 1800s and
early 1900s, European nations began a massive
military buildup, in part to protect their overseas
colonies from rival powers. At the same time,
these nations formed a complicated network of
alliances to protect themselves from opposing
armed forces. By 1914 the uneasy peace was
about to end.
380
1. Identify Which nations were members
of the Allied Powers in 1914? Which
nations made up the Central Powers?
2. Predict Given the alliances and the size
of the armed forces in Europe in 1914,
what might happen if conflict broke out?
Listen to History
Go online to listen to an
explanation of the starting
points for this chapter.
go.hrw.com
Keyword: SHL WW1
CHAPTER 12
Skills Focus: Analyzing Maps
At Level
Social Studies Skill
Comparing Troop Strengths
1.$RAWTHECHARTFORSTUDENTSTOSEE/MITTHE
Answers
Geography Starting Points
1. Allied Powers—France, Montenegro,
Russia, Serbia, United Kingdom; Central
Powers—Austria, Hungary, Germany;
2. possible answer—The Allied Powers
have more troops and would likely win,
but would face a difficult challenge
defeating Germany.
380
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NEXTTOEACHCOUNTRY Visual-Spatial
Alternative Assessment Handbook, Rubrics 13:
Graphic Organizers; and 21: Map Reading
Comparative Troop Strengths
Countries
Troops
Germany
1,900,000
Austria-Hungary
450,000
United Kingdom
100,000
France
1,300,000
Serbia
200,000
Russia
1,400,000
SECTION
1 The Great War Begins
BEFORE YOU READ
MAIN IDEA
READING FOCUS
KEY TERMS AND PEOPLE
Europe in 1914 was on
the brink of war. After an
assassination, the nations
of Europe were drawn one
by one into what would
be called the Great War, or
World War I.
1. Why was Europe on the brink
of war in 1914?
2. Why did war break out?
3. What were the results of the
fighting in 1914?
Triple Alliance
Triple Entente
Franz Ferdinand
Gavrilo Princip
neutral
Central Powers
Allied Powers
Western Front
Getting Started
Take notes
on the
events leading up to
the outbreak of war.
5SETHEInteractive Reader and Study Guide
TOFAMILIARIZESTUDENTSWITHTHESECTION
CONTENT
Interactive Reader and Study Guide,
Section 1
World War I Begins
Name _____________________________ Class _________________ Date __________________
World War I
Section 1
MAIN IDEA
Europe in 1914 was on the brink of war. After an assassination, the nations of
Europe were drawn one by one into what would be called the Great War, or
World War I.
Key Terms and People
How did an archduke’s trip lead
to war? It seemed like a bad idea for
Austrian archduke Franz Ferdinand to
make a trip to the Bosnian city of Sarajevo (SAR-uh-YAY-voh).
After all, Austria had taken over Bosnia and Herzegovina
just six years earlier, and many Bosnians were still bitterly
opposed to Austrian rule.
Bosnia was also the home of many Serbs and ethnic
Slavs who were equally outraged by Austria’s actions. Serbian leaders hoped to expand Serbia by uniting the ethnic
Slavs in Bosnia, but Austria-Hungary stood in the way. Now
the future ruler of the Austro-Hungarian Empire was coming to pay a visit.
Franz Ferdinand’s visit to Sarajevo fell on June 28,
which was also St. Vitus Day, a holiday that symbolized Serbian unity. Members of a Serbian terrorist group known as
the Black Hand plotted to kill Franz Ferdinand.
On the day that the archduke visited Sarajevo, seven
members of the Black Hand positioned themselves around
the city to watch for him. One would-be assassin, 19-yearold Gavrilo Princip, had just stepped out of a sandwich
shop when Franz Ferdinand’s car pulled up in front of him.
Unable to believe his luck, Princip grabbed his pistol and
fired, killing both the archduke and the archduke’s wife,
Sophie. This assassination started a chain of events that,
within weeks, would pull most of Europe into the largest war
the world had ever seen.
Soldiers arrest Gavrilo Princip after
he shoots Archduke Franz Ferdinand.
Triple Alliance partnership that united Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy
Triple Entente alliance between France, Russia, and Great Britain
Franz Ferdinand archduke of Austria-Hungary whose assassination led to World War I
Gavrilo Princip young Serbian who assassinated Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophie
neutral taking no side in a conflict
Central Powers term for Germany and Austria-Hungary in World War I
Allied Powers term for Great Britain, France, Russia, and Serbia in World War I
Western Front series of trenches dug by both the Allied Powers and Central Powers in
northern France, resulting in a deadlock
Taking Notes
As you read the summary, take notes on the events leading up to the
outbreak of war in a graphic organizer like this one. Add boxes as needed.
Original content Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Modern Era Chapter 12
136
Interactive Reader and Study Guide
CRF: Vocabulary Builder: Section 1
Taking Notes
assassination of Archduke Ferdinand starts
a chain of events; militarism, alliances,
imperialism, and nationalism cause tensions
in Europe
A MURDER
IN BOSNIA
WORLD WAR I
Teach the Main Idea
381
At Level
Events of World War I
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WORLD WAR I
381
Europe on the Brink of War
In 1914, rising tensions in Europe had the continent on the brink of war. These tensions were
the result of four factors: militarism, alliances,
imperialism, and nationalism.
Reading Focus
Militarism Throughout the late 1800s and
Why was Europe on the brink of war
in 1914? rising tensions resulting from
militarism, alliances, imperialism, and
nationalism
early 1900s, European countries had undertaken a massive military buildup. This militarism was caused mostly by the desire to protect
overseas colonies from other nations. Across
Europe, the size of armed forces and navies
had risen sharply, particularly in Germany.
The growing power of Europe’s armed
forces left all sides anxious and ready to act at
the first sign of trouble. In this nervous environment, even a minor disagreement had the
potential to turn quickly into armed conflict.
Europe on the Brink of War
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Answers
Reading Check rising tensions
as result of militarism, alliances,
imperialism, and nationalism
382
MILITARISM
• European nations engage in a
massive military buildup.
ALLIANCES
• European countries form partnerships
to protect themselves.
IMPERIALISM
• Rival empires seek to keep power.
NATIONALISM
• People feel loyalty and devotion to
their country or culture.
Alliances Seeking to protect themselves from
opposing armed forces, the nations of Europe
formed a series of alliances, or partnerships.
For example, in the late 1800s, the so-called
Triple Alliance united Germany, AustriaHungary, and Italy. France and Russia feared
Germany’s growing power and formed their
own alliance. Soon Great Britain joined with
France and Russia in a less formal promise
to cooperate—an entente (ahn-TAHNT). France,
Russia, and Great Britain thus became known
as the Triple Entente. Leaders hoped that these
alliances would help keep the peace. They
believed that no single nation would attack
another, since that action would prompt the
attacked nation’s allies to join the fight.
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WORLD WAR I
Imperialism The quest to build empires in
the late 1800s and early 1900s had created
much rivalry and ill will among the nations of
Europe. Germany, France, Russia, and Great
Britain each saw themselves as great imperial
nations. They believed they could not afford to
stand by while a rival empire gained power.
southeastern Europe that was home to many
ethnic groups. In the early 1900s, some of
these ethnic groups were trying to break free
from the Ottoman Empire, which had ruled
the Balkans for hundreds of years but was
now nearing collapse.
Some of the strongest nationalist tensions
in the Balkans were in Serbia. At the time,
Serbia was an independent nation. Many ethnic Serbs, however, lived outside Serbia in other
areas of the Balkans. Serbian leaders wanted
to expand the nation’s borders and unite all
their people in a “greater Serbia.” But AustriaHungary, the powerful empire to the north of
Serbia, opposed any Serbian expansion, fearing that such growth might encourage ethnic
groups within Austria-Hungary to rebel. Tensions between Austria-Hungary and Serbs
would continue to rise in the early 1900s.
Summarize Why was Europe
on the brink of war in 1914?
Nationalism An important part of the rising
tensions in Europe was an increase in nationalism beginning in the late 1800s. Nationalism
is a strong devotion to one’s national group or
culture. In Europe, nationalism led to the formation of new countries, including Germany
and Italy, and struggles for power.
The most visible of these power struggles
was in the Balkan Peninsula, a region of
382
War Breaks Out
In the midst of the tensions and resentment
the Serbs felt toward Austria-Hungary, the
archduke of Austria-Hungary, Franz Ferdinand,
decided to visit the Bosnian city of Sarajevo
(SAR-uh-YAY-voh). On June 28, 1914, as Franz
Ferdinand’s car drove through the Sarajevo
CHAPTER 12
Differentiating Instruction
Special Education Students
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Map Creation; and 30: Research
WORLD WAR I BATTLES, 1914
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streets, a young Serbian man, Gavrilo Princip,
opened fire with his pistol, killing the archduke
and the archduke’s wife, Sophie.
The Impact Princip was arrested after the
assassination. When he was identified as a Serb,
Austria-Hungary decided to use the murder as
an excuse to punish Serbia. Austria-Hungary
made a series of humiliating demands of Serbia and then declared war on July 28, 1914.
Russia, a country with many people of
Slavic ethnicity, had previously promised to
support the Serbs if Austria-Hungary attacked.
When Russia prepared to fulfill its promise to
the Serbs, Austria-Hungary’s ally Germany
saw the Russian action as a threat. Germany
declared war on Russia and then on Russia’s
ally, France. Thus, Europe’s alliances and rivalries turned the action of a single assassin into
a major conflict.
Fighting Begins Located in central Europe,
Germany faced a war on two fronts—against
Russia to the east and France to the west.
Years earlier, German military planners had
developed the Schlieffen Plan, which called for
German troops to quickly defeat France in the
1. Location Where was the Western Front located at this time?
What were the results of the major battles fought there?
2. Movement Describe the movements of the Allied Powers and
the Central Powers.
west and then head east to fight Russia. German leaders believed this strategy would be
effective because Russia’s vast size meant that
the Russian military would need some time to
move toward the German border.
Germany began with a quick strike into
Belgium, which was located between Germany
and France. Belgium was a neutral country,
or a country that takes no side in a conflict.
Still, Germany planned to sweep through that
country and then move on to France. Germany’s attack on a neutral country led Great
Britain to declare war on Germany.
The main players of what came to be called
World War I, or the Great War, were now in
place. Germany and Austria-Hungary made
up one side, known as the Central Powers.
Great Britain, France, Russia, and Serbia were
known as the Allied Powers.
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CRF: Biography: Sophie, Duchess von
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READING
SKILLS
Understanding
Sequencing In
what order did the
Allied Powers
become involved in
the war?
Answers
WORLD WAR I
Social Studies Skill
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Alternative Assessment Handbook,
Rubric 6: Cause and Effect
Sequence What events led
to the outbreak of World War I?
Skills Focus: Interpreting Movement Maps
Why did war break out? AustriaHungary blamed Serbia for the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand, leading
to war between both countries’ allies.
War Breaks Out
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At Level
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Alternative Assessment Handbook, Rubric 20:
ANDTHEARROWSREPRESENTINGADVANCESFROMTHE
Map Creation
MAPONTHISPAGE$ISTRIBUTEPILESOFTWOCOLORS
OFPAPERPUNCHOUTSTOEACHROWOFSTUDENTS
Reading Skills Germans attack
Belgium, Great Britain declares war
on Germany, French and British fight in
Battle of the Frontiers, Russia attacks
Germany from east
Interpreting Maps 1. along the border
of Germany and France; refer to map;
2. The Central Powers advanced toward
Russia to the east, France to the west,
and Serbia to the south; the Allied Powers
advanced along the Eastern Front.
Reading Check Serbian Gavrilo
Princip killed Austrian Archduke
Ferdinand and his wife; Germany (an
ally of Austria-Hungary) declared war
on Russia (an ally of Serbia); Germany
attacked Belgium; Great Britain declared
war on Germany
383
FACES OF HISTORY
Friedrich Wilhelm Viktor
Albert became emperor
of Germany when he was
only 29 years old. Wilhelm believed the ideal
1859–1941
ruler was someone who
would make a nation powerful and respected. He was determined to
make Germany a world power.
Under Wilhelm’s rule, the German armed forces underwent a massive expansion. Wilhelm believed that his personal relationships with
the leaders of Great Britain and Russia would help prevent war, but he
was mistaken. His aggressive, tactless actions, combined with his desire
to build a powerful German military, helped lead the world into a
devastating war.
Find the Main Idea How did Wilhelm help cause World War I?
Kaiser
Reading Focus
What were the results of the fighting in
1914? Both sides suffered heavy losses;
Russia attacked East Prussia; trench
warfare began; the war became a
bloody stalemate.
Fighting in 1914
Identify 7HATWASTHENAMEOFTHE
WILHELM II
trous. In the Battle of Tannenberg, German
forces crushed the Russian invasion.
The Russian attack had failed to defeat
the Germans, but it succeeded in distracting
German forces from their advance on France.
This distraction allowed Allied forces to collect
themselves and turn on the German invaders.
Trench Warfare Begins In the Battle of
the Marne in early September 1914, the Allied
troops succeeded in driving the Germans back.
After retreating, German forces dug a series of
trenches, or deep ditches, along the Aisne (AYN)
River and awaited the Allied attack. One British soldier described the German trenches:
HISTORY’S VOICES
[German] infantry are holding strong lines of
“trenches
among and along the edge of the numer-
DISASTROUS2USSIANBATTLEThe Battle
of Tannenberg
Identify Cause and Effect 7HAT
EFFECTDIDTHE2USSIANATTACKON%AST
'ERMANTERRITORYHAVEONTHE7ESTERN
&RONTIt distracted the Germans and
removed pressure on France.
Fighting in 1914
Germany’s plans for a swift victory in France
soon failed. By the end of 1914, the Great War
had become a bloody stalemate.
Early Battles Beginning in August 1914,
German troops fought French and British
forces in a series of clashes known as the Battle of the Frontiers. Both sides suffered heavy
losses, but the result was a German victory.
While France was struggling to fight off
Germany during the Battles of the Frontiers,
Russia attacked German territory from the
east. The results for the Russians were disas-
CRF: History and Geography: World
War I: Early Fighting
ous woods which crown the slopes. These trenches
are elaborately constructed and cleverly concealed.
In many places there are wire entanglements.
”
—British colonel Ernest Swinton, September 18, 1914
From their strongly defended trenches on
the Aisne, the Germans were able to fight back
the Allied forces. But the Allied forces soon dug
trenches of their own. As a result, German and
Allied positions would change little in the coming months, despite a series of major battles.
The deadlocked region in northern France
became known as the Western Front.
Summarize What were the
major events of the fighting in 1914?
go.hrw.com
Close
(AVESTUDENTSEXPLAINHOWALLIANCES
CAUSED7ORLD7AR)TOEXPANDQUICKLY
Review
Online Quiz, Section 1
Assess
SE Section 1 Assessment
Progress Assessment: Section 1 Quiz
Alternative Assessment Handbook
Reteach/Intervene
Interactive Reader and Study Guide,
Section 1
SECTION
1
Online Quiz
ASSESSMENT
Keyword: SHL WW1 HP
Reviewing Ideas, Terms, and People
Critical Thinking
1. a. Identify What were the Triple Alliance and the Triple
4. Identify Cause and Effect Using your notes on the section
Entente?
b. Explain Why do you think European governments expanded
the size of their armed forces?
c. Draw Conclusions How did the increased size and power of
military forces make fighting more likely?
and a graphic organizer like the one below, explain how the
events of the late 1800s and early 1900s led up to the outbreak of World War I.
2. a. Describe What was the crime that led to the start of World
War I?
b. Make Inferences After Franz Ferdinand was killed, why do
you think that Austria-Hungary chose to take the actions it did?
c. Develop How might Germany have worked to stop the war
from beginning?
3. a. Recall What forces fought in the war’s first major battle?
b. Analyze How did the construction of trenches affect the war
in 1914?
384
5. Persuasion Write notes for a speech that a European leader
trying to prevent the outbreak of war might have given in July
1914. Use details from the chapter in your notes.
CHAPTER 12
Interactive Skills Tutor CD-ROM
Section 1 Assessment Answers
Answers
Faces of History was aggressive and
tactless, determined to make Germany a
world power
Reading Check Germany advanced
though Belgium to attack France; Russia
attacked East Prussia; Russians crushed
in Battle of Tannenberg; British and
French forces regrouped; millions died or
were wounded; trench warfare resulted
in a stalemate
384
1. a. The Triple Alliance united Germany,
Austria-Hungary, and Italy. The Triple Entente
included France, Russia, and Great Britain.
b. possible answer—to protect overseas
colonies from other nations
c. The growing power of Europe’s armed
forces left all sides ready for war.
2. a. the assassination of Archduke Franz
Ferdinand and his wife by Gavrilo Princip
b. possible answer—Austria-Hungary opposed
Serbian expansion, so they used the assassination as an excuse to punish Serbia.
c. possible answer—Germany could have
avoided attacking Serbia’s allies.
3. a. German troops fought French and British
b. Trench warfare would cause higher
casualties.
4. buildup of armed forces in Europe; alliances
formed; assassination of Archduke Franz
Ferdinand; Germany invaded Belgium and
France; Great Britain and Russia join the war
5. possible speech topics—alliances will not
prevent war; militarism should be avoided;
nationalism and imperialism may lead to war