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Chapter 13:
Bacteria and Viruses
Essential question: How do bacteria
and viruses affect our lives?
I. Prokaryotes: single celled organisms that do not have
nucleus
A. Domains: Archaea and Bacteria
1. Bacterial fossils found are about 3.5
billion years old
2. Evolved into many different forms and
live in almost every environment
Section 19-1
Concept Map
Bacteria
are classified into the kingdoms of
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
include a variety of
lifestyles such as
Living in soil
Go to
Section:
Infecting large
organisms
live in harsh
environments such as
Thick mud
Animal
digestive
tracts
Salty lakes
Hot springs
B. Classification
1. Domain Bacteria: Kingdom Eubacteria: often
called bacteria
a) many different shapes and sizes
b) shapes: bacilli – rod shaped, cocci-spherical,
and spirilla- spiral
c) Gram-negative bacteria: complex cell wall
and small amounts of peptidoglycan (proteincarbohydrate compound)
d) Gram-positive bacteria: simpler and have
more peptidoglycan
Gram stain
2. Domain Archaea: Kingdom Archaebacteria:
more ancient
a) unusual lipids in cell membrane and no peptidoglycan
in their cell walls
b) live in extreme environments
c) methanogens: get energy by changing H2 and CO2
into methane gas
d) extreme halophiles: live in high salt concentrations
e) thermoacidophiles: acidic and high temperature
environments
Archaebacteria at Yellowstone
National Park
Morning Glory Hot Spring
Grand Prismatic Spring
Fumarole with sulfur
Mammoth Hot Springs
Mud Pots
Imperial Geyser
II. Biology of Bacteria
A. Structure
1. Cell wall: most bacteria have a cell wall
2. Cell membrane and cytoplasm: lipid bilayer
a) carries out cellular respiration
b) photosynthesis if it is a photosynthetic bacteria
c) cytoplasm: contains ribosomes and DNA
3. Capsules: outer covering that helps to protect
bacteria from drying out or harsh chemicals
Capsule
4. Pili: short, hairlike protein structures helps
bacteria cling to host cells Pili
5. Endospores: dormant structure that is produced
during harsh environmental conditions
6. Movement structures
a) flagella
b) glide through slime layer
7. DNA: single closed loop of double-stranded
DNA attached to the cell membrane
a) plasmid: small circular loops of DNA that
carry genes that enable the bacteria to cause
disease or resist antibiotics
bacteria
Section 19-1The
Structure of a Eubacterium
Ribosome
Peptidoglycan
Cell
Cell
wall membrane
Flagellum
Go to
Section:
DNA
Pili
Extra Credit Option : Due Fri. Feb. 12
Watch the movie Contagion
Write a summary (paragraph) about the movie
by answering the following questions
• Where did the virus come from (country,
animal species, original two people)
• How was the virus spread?
• Why did it spread so quickly?
• Why did it take so long to make a vaccine?
B. Nutrition and growth
1. Heterotrophs and autotrophs
2. Phototrophs: get energy from light
3. Chemotrophs: get energy from chemicals
taken from the environment
4. Four ways
a) photoheterotroph: uses light but gets its carbon
from organisms
b) chemoheterotroph: obtains energy and carbon
from other organisms
c) photoautotroph: uses light energy and gets
carbon from CO2
d) chemoautotroph: energy from compounds and
gets carbon from CO2
C. Prokaryotic habitats
1. Obligate anaerobes: cannot survive in
oxygen
2. Facultative anaerobes: can live with or
without oxygen
3. Obligate aerobes: require oxygen
D. Genetic recombination: three nonreproductive ways
that bacteria get new genetic material
1. Transformation: takes in DNA from its
environment Transformation
2. Conjugation: two living bacteria bind together
and one transfers genetic information to the other
Conjugation
3. Transduction: virus obtains DNA from a host
and as the viruses replicates inside the bacteria the
new DNA is added Transduction
III. Bacteria and Humans
A. Bacteria and Disease
1. Pathology: study of diseases
2. Pathogen: bacteria that cause disease
3. Toxins: poisons produced by bacteria that
cause disease
4. Bacteria can cause disease by destroying body
tissue
Section 19-2
Common Diseases Caused by Bacteria
Go to
Section:
Disease
Pathogen
Prevention
Tooth decay
Streptococcus mutans
Regular dental hygiene
Lyme disease
Borrelia burgdorferi
Protection from tick bites
Tetanus
Clostridium tetani
Current tetanus vaccination
Tuberculosis
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Vaccination
Salmonella food poisoning
Salmonella enteritidis
Proper food-handling practices
Pneumonia
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Maintaining good health
Cholera
Vibrio cholerae
Clean water supplies
5. Antibiotics: drugs that combat bacteria by
interfering with various cellular functions
6. Antibiotic resistance: bacteria most
susceptible to the antibiotic die first, but
some are resistant and grow
Resistance
B. Useful bacteria
1. Decomposers: break down remains of organic
matter in dead plant and animal waste allowing
organic compounds to become available to other
organisms
2. Used in sewage treatment plants
3. Producing and processing food like sour cream,
yogurt, cheese, pickles, and sauerkraut Foods
4. Industrial chemical production: mining for
minerals and petroleum, insecticides,
cleaning up oil spills
Bacteria Health Pamphlet
1. Title and pictures
2. List several ways to prevent disease
3. Antibiotics used to treat bacterial disease
4. List several ways that bacteria are helpful to
humans
5. List several examples of bacterial diseases
(p. 472)
IV. Virus Structure
A. Virus: nonliving particle composed of DNA or
RNA and a protein coat
1. Virology: study of viruses
B. Characteristics of viruses
1. One of the smallest biological particles capable
of causing diseases
2. Viruses can only replicate by infecting cells and
using the cell’s organelles to make new virus
particles
3. Made up of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) and
protein coat called capsid
4. Shapes: helical and icosahedral (20 triangular
faces)
5. Classified by whether they have RNA or DNA
and whether it is singled and double stranded
Virus
V. Viral Replication
A. Bacteriophage: viruses that infect bacteria
1. Structure: icosahedral head with tail and tail
fibers Bacteriophage
B. Lytic cycle lytic
1. Virus invades a host by injecting its
DNA
2. Produces new viruses
3. Cell breaks open and releases the new viruses
C. Lysogenic cycle
1. Virus injects DNA into cell
2. DNA integrates into the host cell’s DNA
3. DNA of host cell replicates and so does the
virus’s DNA
4. Each bacterial offspring will be carrying the
DNA of the virus
5. At some point the cell will go into the lytic phase
and destroy the cell Lysogenic
VI. Viruses and Human Disease
A. Infectious diseases: can affect various
organs in the human body including brain,
liver, heart, lungs, and skin
1. Common cold, chickenpox, measles
2. Mumps, polio, rabies, AIDS, and
hepatitis
3. Some viruses can cause cancer by blocking
the normal controls on cell reproduction
a) HPV: human papillomarvirus can cause
cervical cancer (there is a vaccine for this
virus)
b) hepatitis B can cause liver cancer
Section 19-3
Common Diseases Caused by Viruses
Go to
Section:
Type of Virus
Nucleic Acid
Disease
Oncogenic viruses
DNA
cancer
Retroviruses
RNA
cancer, AIDS
Adenoviruses
DNA
respiratory infections
Herpesviruses
DNA
chickenpox
Poxviruses
DNA
smallpox
4. Emerging disease: illnesses caused by new
or reappearing infectious agents that
typically exist in animal populations
a) wild and domestic animals can have
viruses that can be transmitted to people
b) Avian or bird flu is due to close
interaction of people and poultry on farms
and in markets around the world
B. Prevention and treatment
1. Vaccines: prevent the disease by giving inactive
virus to stimulate the body’s immune system to
provide protection against the pathogen
2. Antiviral drugs: given to infected patients and it
interferes with viral nucleic acid synthesis (very
few types of drugs)
3. Antibiotics can not destroy viruses, only bacteria
Vaccine
4. 4. Vector control: control of animal vectors
that carry the virus
a) Mosquito control to stop yellow fever
b) Rabies vaccinations to keep pets from of
rabies and prevent spread to humans
Virus Research
Answer the following questions using the
reference books on the lab tables. Research 1
viral diseases.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Name of the viral disease
Where is it found in the world?
Is there a vaccine or way to prevent?
What are 2 symptoms of the disease?