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Present Tense of Latin Verbs Magister Henderson Latin I The Properties of Verbs • Verbs have several important properties to consider; of these we will be looking at tense, number and person. • Tense denotes present, past, or future time. • Number denotes a difference between singular, and plural. • Person denotes a distinction between the speaker, the listener, or a “third” party. About Grammatical Person • In grammar, conjugated verbs are said to be either first, second, or third person. • First person verbs denote actions performed by the speaker. • Second person verbs denote actions performed by the listener. • Third person verbs denote action performed by parties other than the speaker or listener. Subject Pronouns • In English we denote person through our subject pronouns. • The following chart shows the English subject pronouns and how they relate to grammatical person. Singular Plural First Person I we Second Person you you (y’all) Third Person he , she, it they Verbs Forms in Latin • In Latin verb endings are used to show person and number. • For this reason personal pronouns are frequently omitted in Latin. • When personal pronouns are included, they are often used for emphasis. • You have already seen the third person verb endings in singular –t and plural –nt. The Latin Verb Endings • The following verb endings in Latin correspond to the English personal pronouns: Singular Plural First Person -ō =I -mus = we Second Person -s = you -tis = you (y’all) Third Person -t = he / she /it -nt = they Note that these verb ends are not actually pronouns. They are verb endings. But the do correspond to the personal pronouns. A Conjugated Latin Verb • Here is the full present tense conjugation of the verb portō, portāre (to carry) in Latin: Singular First Person portō = I carry Second Person portās Third Person portat Plural portāmus = we carry = you carry portātis = you carry = he / she /it carries portant = they carry The word “conjugate” means to run a verb through all its forms in a given tense. About the Infinitive • You might notice that the infinitive (the form ending in –re) is not found on that chart. • That is because the infinitive is a verbal noun the is not “limited” to any one person or number. • The infinitive therefore cannot be a main verb of a sentence, though it can be used to complete the meaning of a main verb. More About the Infinitive • The infinitive is listed second in the verb’s vocabulary entry, behind the first person singular present tense form. • The infinitive, being a verbal noun, carries the basic meaning of the verb. • So in the verb portō, portāre, it is the second part that means “to carry”, which is how the verb is given when defined.