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The fire that got out of control, the cell is able to create fire, which is outside the regulated process of destroying or damaging property by fire, during which there are factors that are dangerous for living beings and the environment. The initial process of fires occurs when cold flammable substance when entering a thermal pulse oxidized with oxygen begins to rapidly warm up, followed by heat, which warms the adjacent layers of combustible material, which also starts to develop an intense chemical reaction. The reaction rate determines the intensity of warming fire, it is the most important characteristic. The zone, which runs a chemical reaction and heated flammable substance called fire front. Layered heating process, oxidation and combustion takes so long until it will burn the entire volume of combustible material. The space in which the fire developed, conventionally divided into three zones: the combustion zone of thermal performance and smoke zone. Burning Zone is part of the space in which the processes of thermal decomposition or evaporation of substances or materials. Zone heating action is called space where the process of heat exchange between the surface and the flame of combustible material, adjacent to the limits of combustion where thermal effect creates conditions that are impossible for people staying without thermal protection smoke Zone is part of the area, bordering with the zone of combustion and filled with smoke gases in concentrations that pose a threat to life and health. This zone includes all space heating operation and significantly exceeds it. What classes are divided according to the properties of fire of combustible materials? Depending on the type of materials and substances burning fires are divided into classes: A, B, C, D and E, with A and B classes are divided into two subclasses, and the class D - even three. Fire class related fires, characterized by burning solids except metals. If the solid is able to smolder (paper, wood, rags), the fire is classified as A1. If the substance is not able to smolder (plastic) - the class A2. Fire class related fires with burning fluids that are easily ignited. If burning liquid, insoluble in water (petrol, oil and so on. Al.), The fire is classified as B1. If flammable substances soluble in water (alcohol, acetone) - the class B2. Class C fires to include fire from burning gaseous matter (hydrogen, methane, gas from gas wells, etc. Etc.). The class D fires include fires of burning metal. When lit light metal - aluminum, magnesium or their alloys, fire is classified as D1; If burning alkali metals (sodium, potassium, and so on. al.) - the class D2; If burning metal organic compound (methyl sodium, magnesium and diethyl v. al.) - in Class DZ. Fire class E fires include electrical energized. What is a Fire? Fire Safety System - a complex of organizational measures and technical means to prevent fires and reduce damage from them. Fire safety - a state of the object in which the probability of occurrence and likelihood of exposure to hazardous factors fire, do not exceed the allowable values normalized. Fire safety system made the creation of fire prevention and active fire protection. Fire prevention - a complex of organizational and technical measures to safeguard people, fire prevention, limiting its development and create conditions for the fire. The system of active fire protection is a complex of organizational and technical means to fight fires and prevent dangerous effects on people and harmful factors of fire, and to limit material damage from it to prevent fires developed organizational, technical, operating, fire evacuation, tactical prevention, civil and structural measures and tools, as well as firefighting plan in case they occur. Organizational measures include proper organization processes, lack of cluttering the area and workplace, adequate supervision and control, appropriate allocation of material warehouses for storage of explosive substances employed in learning corresponding level and others. Technical measures regarding proper selection and installation of electrical equipment, modes of operation of machines and equipment that eliminates the appearance sparks, flames or hot surfaces contact with combustible materials. The security measures include banning smoking, lighting fires, proper storage of oiled rags and those substances that have the ability to self-ignition. Tactical and prophylactic measures include prompt action of fire departments, providing facilities management primary means of fire, continued support in working condition and water supply and others. Construction and structural measures implemented at the design stage of construction, reconstruction, and the design of new machines, equipment and machinery. The earthquake - a natural oscillation of the atmosphere - hard shell crust that is in constant motion. Often such phenomena occur in mountainous areas. This is where underground rock continues to emerge, resulting in the crust of the Earth is particularly mobile. The causes of earthquakes may be different. One of them - this is the bias and collision oceanic or continental plates. When such symptoms surface of the Earth vibrates noticeably and often leads to the destruction of buildings. These are called tectonic earthquakes. They may form new basin or mountain views. Volcanic earthquakes occur due to constant pressure of hot lava and various gases in the earth's crust. Such earthquakes can last for weeks, but massive damage usually do not carry. Moreover, this phenomenon is often a prerequisite for a volcanic eruption, the effects of which can be much more dangerous to people than just disaster. There is another kind of earthquake - dam taking place for quite another reason. Groundwater sometimes form underground voids. Under the pressure of the earth's surface large plot of land with a roar fall down, causing small vibrations felt by many kilometers from the epicenter. Scores of earthquakes to determine the strength of the earthquake mostly resorted to or ten- or to the twelve scale. 10-point Richter scale determines the amount of emitted energy. 12-point system Medvedev Shponhoyera Karnyka describes the impact of fluctuations in the Earth's surface. Richter scale and 12-point scale comparable. For example, scientists double blow bomb underground. One at a depth of 100 meters, the other - at a depth of 200 m. The timing is the same energy that leads to the same assessment on the Richter scale. But the result of the explosion - shift crust - has varying degrees of severity and different impact on infrastructure. What degree of damage in terms of earthquake seismic devices? The phenomenon at one point determined only equipment. 2 points can be felt animals and, in some cases, particularly sensitive people who are on the upper floors. 3 points for vibration sensations reminiscent of buildings from trucks passing by. 4-magnitude earthquake causes lung drebezzhanyyu glasses. With five points phenomenon felt by all, and no matter where the person on the street or in the building. Earthquake 6 points called strong. It is in many horror, people ran out into the street, and some of the walls are formed Teschin. 7-point lead to cracking of almost all houses. 8 points throw monuments, factory chimneys, towers, and the ground cracks appear. 9 points lead to severe damage to buildings. The wooden structure or thrown or major settling heavily. 10-point earthquake leading to cracks in the ground, a thickness of 1 meter. 11 points - a disaster. Crumbling stone houses and bridges. There landslides. 12 points beneath the structure. When a disaster relief varies Earth is the deviation reaches of rivers and waterfalls appearance. The frequency of earthquakes Thus, the movement of the earth's crust has various natural causes. The earthquake, according to seismologists, is up to 500,000 annually in different parts of the Earth. Of these, about 100,000 people there, and 1000 has serious damage, destroying buildings, highways and railways, interrupts the power lines, sometimes takes the ground entire towns. Tornado, tornado - atmospheric phenomenon that is rapidly bell-shaped swirl up to 1.5 km, which is extracted from cumulonimbus clouds to surface water or ground. The greatest number of tornadoes, 148 in one day, was 3-4 in April 1974 over the southern US states. The highest rate was recorded tornadoes moving 2 April 1958 near Wichita Falls, Texas. It was 450 km / h. The strongest tornadoes in the British Isles were recorded in 1091 in London, December 14, 1810 in Portsmouth. Tornado in Shatursh in Bangladesh April 26, 1989 hit the Guinness Book of Records as the most tragic in the history of mankind. Residents of this city, received a warning about the impending tornado, ignored it. The result - killed 1,300 people Places formation of tornadoes Places where tornadoes may form on the map with orange Thunderstorms are in most of the world except sub-Arctic regions of the Arctic climate and climate, but tornadoes can only accompany thunderstorms, located at the junction of atmospheric fronts. The greatest number of tornadoes recorded in the North American continent, particularly in the central states of the US, at least - in the eastern US states. The second region of the world where there are conditions for the formation of tornadoes, is Europe. Thus, tornadoes mainly occur in temperate zones of both hemispheres, from about the 60th parallel 45 parallel 30 in Europe and the US in parallel. Also recorded tornadoes in eastern Argentina, South Africa, west and eastern Australia and some other regions where conditions may also be a clash of atmospheric fronts. Classification Compound tornadoes usually have ultra-high capacity and lead to major losses. Bychepodibni - the most common. Vague tornado - when the diameter of a tornado can exceed height. Tornadoes also classified according to wind speeds and destructive force. To do this, use Fujita Scale. Tsunami - a wave length of 500 m, which are formed in the sea or in the ocean is usually as a result of earthquakes (or asteroid etc.) and cover the entire water column In deep water a tsunami propagates with the speed of several hundred kilometers per hour and is undergoing minor energy losses. The main difference from other types of tsunami waves on the water is moving all the water, not only in the surface layer. In the sea, in deep water a tsunami pose no threat to shipping, they can not even notice. However, near the shore, where the depth gradually decreases, the tsunami slows down, and wave height increases, it becomes a moving wall of water. When you exit aground off the coast of height can reach tens of meters. In addition, the wave that runs at an angle to the shore, slowing unevenly and tends to turn around the shore. Tsunami warning systems A sign indicating the way to escape from the tsunami on the road in Alberdini, Washington, USA Tsunamis can cause considerable damage to the coast and islands, even at distances where the initial quake registered only devices. The greatest threat to the tsunami are places in the ocean near seismic zones - on. Haiti, Japan, Philippines. Over 80% of tsunamis recorded on the periphery of the Pacific Ocean. Tsunami warning systems are based largely on seismic data processing, if an earthquake has a magnitude of more than 7 and its epicenter located under water is supplied tsunami warning. Depending on the region and the population of the coast of the signals may vary. The essential point warning system is awareness. It is important that residents Coast imagined that the threat of a tsunami. For example, in Japan, there are numerous educational programs on natural disasters and Indonesia are mostly unaware of the tsunami, which caused a large number of victims of the 2004 tsunami in Indonesia was despite the fact that the inhabitants of this country would be appropriate experience. In New Zealand Lake Taupo in the year 186 BC was the largest in the history of volcanic eruptions. Its effects are described in the chronicles of China and Greece. At the site of the eruption today is a lake area, which is approximately equal to the area of Singapore. Another of the largest known eruptions should obviously consider the eruption of Krakatoa August 26, 1883. During the eruption of 1883 volcano threw more than 25 cubic kilometers of stones, ash and pumice, and created the loudest historically known sound - a catastrophic explosion was clearly heard in places at such distances as Perth in Australia (about 1,930 miles or 3,100 km), and island of Rodrigues near Mauritius (about 3,000 miles or 4,800 km). The shock wave in the atmosphere went around the Earth seven times and recorded for five days. In the 1883 eruption of Krakatoa, east of about. Java accompanied by such a crash that he heard in America. 70 thousand. Years ago was the eruption of Toba on the island. Sumatra, the island that covered a layer of ash height of 300 meters. One of the biggest eruptions occurred on earth 65 million years ago. It lava covered almost the whole of India. During the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in Italy in 79 AD. E. e., the population of the Roman city of Pompeii is completely lost. The ruins of the town, completely buried under a layer of ash were found in the XVIII century. The eruption of Tambora on Sumbawa island in 1815 raised so much dust that it zaslonyv sun over the entire globe. This led to a cold summer for two consecutive years.