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Transcript
Chapter 16 Classification of Disease Veterinary Technology Disease in Clinical Practice Classify disease, match them with domestic species in which they occur and discuss clinical significance. MAD TIN • Metabolic • Anomalies (birth defects) • Degenerative • Trauma, Toxins • Infectious, Immune, Iatrogenic, Idiopathic • Neoplasm, Nutrition Not every disease fits neatly into one class! For example, toxins may lead to congenital defects. (birth defects) Metabolic Metabolism - All processes occurring within the animal; cellular reactions Previously discussed metabolic disorders = diabetes, hypothyroidism, milk fever, etc... Pregnancy Toxemia - metabolic disorder common in sheep and goats in last month of pregnancy. • Fetuses take up abdominal space, limiting food intake and putting increase of demand on the mother. • Fat is broken down as nutrient source, producing ketones. • Carbohydrate metabolism is disrupted and ketones accumulate in bloodstream. Anomalies Anomalies - Deviations from what is regarded as normal. Six toed cats, heart murmur, two headed offspring. Hemophilia - genetic defects result in a deficiency of blood clotting factor. • High risk for serious bleeding problems. Angular limb deformity - obvious defect in foals where the legs have a deviation to the inside or outside. • Abnormal position in uterus, weak ligaments, or failure of bone to form are causes. • Controlled exercise or splints/surgery may correct. Degenerative Degenerative diseases - normal wear and tear that occurs to the body with age. Arthritis - smooth cartilage lining joints becomes rough and irregular • Bony spicules deposit around joint = chronic irritation • Chronic pain and restricted movement result. Disk Disease - Vertebral disks deteriorate with age and protrude from between vertebrae. • Pain and paralysis result. Trauma/Toxins Trauma - any disruption of normal tissue integrity Examples are lacerations, bone fractures and puncture wounds, to name a few. Robert Jones Bandage - temporary stabilization of limbs below the elbow and stifle. • Tape stirrups to anchor bandage. • Roll gauze to apply even pressure and stabilize the limb. • Stretch gauze to tighten bandage and prevent movement of limb. • Vet wrap to finish bandage and protect underlying layers. Toxins - harmful items that can be ingested, inhaled, or exposed by contact Examples are plants, household cleaners, foods, and Over The Counter drugs. See table 16-2 Hemolytic Anemia - Breakdown of hemoglobin in red blood cells from onion ingestion. Infectious/Immune/Iatrogenic/Idiopathic Infectious - diseased caused by the entry of bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, or prions into the body Immune - Disease that affects the immune system (Both have been covered in previous chapters.) Iatrogenic -Any condition that develops as a result of treatment. Hypoadrenocorticism • Allergies are treated with high doses of Cortisone. • The body will stop making its own cortisone as it’s being provided via the treatment. • Once the allergy treatment stops, there is not enough natural cortisone production. • The resulting disease is considered iatrogenic. Idiopathic - Condition in which current medical knowledge cannot explain an underlying cause. Idiopathic renal hematuria - blood in the urine with no detectable underlying cause Neoplasm/Nutrition Neoplasm - growth of cells in an uncontrolled manner; tumor. Benign neoplasm - expand only locally, slower growing, and have well defined borders. (-oma) Malignant neoplasm - invades surrounding tissues, rapid spread, have edges that are not clearly defined. (-sarcoma) Nutritional diseases have already been discussed. Clinical Practice How can we determine what type of disease an animal has? 1. Note the signs/symptoms. Benji, 25lbs, 10 yrs old, Mixed Not sleeping through night. Indoor only. Diet = dry food. PU/PD Low appetite. Lost 3 lbs. 2. Rule out the obvious. Anomalies - unlikely given the age. Trauma - Hx helps rule this out. Infection - Kidney or bladder infection possible. *** Nutrition - No diet change; not likely. Toxin - Hx helps rule this out. Neoplasm - must be considered due to age. Metabolic - Diabetes and kidney failure are likely with this history and clinical presentation. 3. List possible diagnoses. Kidney failure Diabetes Tumor Bladder Infection 4. Perform relevant tests to confirm/rule out the possibilities. Complete Blood Count Blood Chemistry Urinalysis Abdominal Radiographs