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Conservation Agriculture under different Agro-ecosystems of India Tek Sapkota, R K Gupta and ML Jat Outline ● Challenges of Agriculture ● CA as paradigm shift in production system ● Major AEZ, soil types, crops and production challenges ● Strategic interventions to address the major production challenges from the stand point of CA ● Some examples of CA based management to address the production challenges ● Take home messages Triple Challenge of Agriculture • Increase Production • Adapt to climatic variability • Mitigation of climate change Challenge of Agriculture: Food Security “…..feeding a world population of 9.1 billion people in 2050 would require raising overall food production by some 70% between 2005 and 2050 “In a world of plenty, no one, not a single person, should go hungry. But almost 1 billion still do not have enough to eat. I want to see an end to hunger everywhere within my lifetime.” – Ban Ki-moon, United Production in the developing countries would need to almost double……” Challenge of Agriculture: Climate variability risk Blue: extreme risk, Green: medium to low risk, Map source: Maplecroft Challenge of Agr: GHG emission reduction Forestry – mainly CO2 from deforestation for more agriculture Agriculture + forestry: 30% of anthropogenic GHG emissions IPCC 4th Assessment Report (2007) Ag production in India further constrained by: • Natural resources degradation (water, soil quality) • Input : output ratio and cost (decreasing FP) • Increasing cost of energy and other resources • Competition of Ag sector with other sector for energy, water and other resources • Land holding- getting smaller and fragmented • Agricultural work force- farmers age? Paradigm Shifts in our production system From To 1. Excessive tillage and soil erosion ● Drastically reduced tillage/erosion 2. Residue burning or incorporation ● Surface retention of residues 3. Uneven field levels ● Precisely leveled fields 4. Free-wheeling of farm machinery ● Controlled traffic 5. Green manuring (incorporated) ● Brown manuring (surface drying) 6. Use of ex-situ FYM/composts ● In-situ Use of organics/composts 7. Crop based management ● System based management 8. Single or sole crops ● Diversification: Inter-relay crop 9. Environmentally detrimental ● Environmental friendly CA to address triple challenges faced by Agriculture Contributes to increase food production, adapt to climatic variability and have large co-benefit in mitigation Adaptation Food security Mitigation Conservation agriculture systems Conservation Agriculture defined 1 2 Permanent organic Minimum mechanical soil cover soil disturbance (retention of adequate (the minimum soil disturbance necessary levels of crop residues on the soil surface) to sow the seed) 3 Diversified crop rotations including cover crops (to help moderate possible weed, disease and pest problems) CA-Location specific and knowledge intentisve Major AEZ, soil type, major crops and production challenges Ecosyst em AER States Represented Soil types Major crops Major production constraints Hot semiarid 4,5. Northern plains and central highlands, Gujarat plains Gujarat, Haryana, Rajasthan, Punjab, UP, MP, Alluvium Medium to deep black soil Wheat, rice pulses, maize, Millet, cotton, S cane Declining water tables, terminal heat, herbicide resistance Subhumid to humid 9-13, northern plains, central highlands, eastern plains and hills Punjab, UP, Bihar, Orissa, W. Bengal, Jharkhand Alluvium, Red & Yellow Rice, wheat, PP, S cane, millets Soil erosion, water logging, Declining water tables, terminal heat, gravelly sub-soil Hot arid 2. Western Plains 3. Deccan plateau J&K, HP, Punjab, Rajasthan, Gujarat, AP, KN Desent and saline, Red & Black Millet, sorghum, fodder Erratic rainfall, acute draught, nutrient imbalance soil salinity Hot semiarid 6, 7. Deccan plateau KN, AP, MP, Maharashtra Kerala Medium to deep black soil Millet, oilseed, rice, cotton, S cane High production cost, dry spells, narrow workable range, Low pl population Humid to per Humid 15, 16. Eastern plains and hills WB, Assam, Alluvium Rice, millets, maize, potato & plantation Soil erosion, small marginal land, excessive rainfall Costal 18,19. eastern and eastern and Costal alluvium Rice, coconut, Water inundation, Summary of the major challenges, their cause and technologies to address them Production challenges Cause Summarize the problems in major category Dwindling water resources, Climate change, inappropriate flooding during summer water management Nutrient losses through leaching, run-off, erosion and emission Erratic rainfall pattern, increased temperature, Lack of weather forecast, inappropriate technology transfer Inappropriate nutrient management, blanket application, monoculture, erratic rainfall Climate change Technologies to address these challenges Water Smart Nutrient Smart Weather Smart Lack of adequate infrastructure, Knowledge Smart limited use of modern technologies in technology transfer GHG emission Unnecessary fossil fuel burning, residue burning, Carbon mining Carbon Smart Increasing energy demand, increasing cost of energy Land fragmentation, unnecessary tillage, water pumping etc Energy Smart Strategic Entry Points for CA and Potential Interventions: A Conceptual Framework 1. Water shortages • Laser land leveling • Raised beds • DSR & remove puddling • Micro-irrigation 5. Labor, Energy shortages, High production cost • Minimal tillage • Zero tillage • Raised bed • Double no-till system • New Machines 2. Rainwater Management •In-situ moisture conservation • Groundwater recharge •Watershed approach 6.Diversification and ‘Fallows’ • Relay/Para cropping • Crop substitution • Cotton –wheat) • S.Cane –wheat ) • Rice Fallows 3. Nutrient Imbalances • Conjunctive use of nutrient inputs • LCC/ SPAD/GS • Super granules 4. Terminal Heat tolerance • • • • Cultivar choices Seed priming Water schedules Residue manage. 7. Herbicide resistance / Weed mgt. 8. Net works and Capacity Building • Test new molecules • Integrated weed management approach • Crop rotation • Public –Private partnerships • Trainings • Traveling seminars • SMS service 5 Summary of the major challenges, their cause and technologies to address them Ecosystem AER Major production constraints Strategic interventions Hot semi-arid 4,5. Northern plains and central highlands, Gujarat plains Declining water tables, terminal heat, herbicide resistance Water smart (DSR, alternate cropping, raised beds), irrgn mgment, LL, residue mulching, short duration vars, timely planting, integrated weed mgmt Sub-humid to humid 9-13, northern plains, central highlights, eastern plains and hills Soil erosion, water logging, Declining water tables, terminal heat, gravelly sub-soil Water smart (DSR, alternate cropping, raised beds, use of residual moisture), irrgn mgment, LL, residue mulching, short duration vars, timely planting Hot arid 2. Western Plains 3. Deccan plateau Erratic rainfall, acute draught, nutrient imbalance, soil salinity Mulching, Nutrient smart (SSNM), crop diversification, Hot semi-arid 6, 7. Deccan plateau High production cost, dry spells, narrow workable range, Low pl population Zero-tillage, integrated weed management, SSNM Humid to per Humid 15, 16. Eastern plains and hills Soil erosion, small marginal land, excessive rainfall Crop diversification, terracing and crop geometry, Costal 18,19. eastern and western coast Water inundation, saline marshes Saline tolerant crops, bed planting Some examples of CA based mgmt to address production challenges in different AEZ CA beats the heat (NWIGP) a a Source: Jat et al (2012) b b CA requires less water (across IGP west to east) Management practices CT 1 irrigation CT 2 irrigation CT 3 irrigation CT 4 irrigation CT 5 irrigation ZT without residue 2 Irrigation ZT full residue 2 irrigation ZT partial residue 2 irrigation Wheat Yield (t/ha) 3.75 (+0.79) 3.82 (+0.81) 4.24 (+1.03) 5.50 (+0.10) 5.56 (+0.42) 4.36 (+0.20) 5.19 (+0.29) 4.87 (+0.26) Source: Results compiled from on station and farmers’ field trials in IGP Enhancing Productivity of Cotton-Wheat system ● Early and short stature cotton cultivars ● Slight alteration planters to increase clearance height to plant wheat over the cotton Maize based system to address water issues Machine transplanting of rice without puddling Total estimated GHG emission in wheat production Emission per ha (A) and per Mg wheat averaged over two years (B) under different nutrient management strategies in conventional and notillage wheat production systems Take Home Message • Transformation in Ag. Production: food security, adaptation and mitigation • CA is resource saving production system combined with other interrelated production practices such as IPM, INM, IWM etc • CA based production system should be formulated based on local pedo-climatic and socio-economic condition-but the basic principles remain the same • CA based management has been successful under various production system of different AEZ of India • CA is knowledge intensive and adoption may be gradual • Enabling policy environment needed http://conservacion.cimmyt.org Thank you for your attention