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Human Impact on the Environment Term used to refer to a species that has died out extinct If a pesticide was passing through this food chain, which organism would have the greatest concentration of pesticide? Bird at the top trophic level A necessity of life (resource) which can NOT be replenished by natural means; Ex: fossil fuels Non-renewable resource Wearing away of the surface soil by water and wind erosion Farming strategy in which large fields are planted with a single crop variety year after year monoculture a necessity of life (resource) which can regenerate quickly and that is replaceable; Ex: trees, water Renewable resource Increasing concentration a harmful substance in organisms at higher trophic levels in a food chain or web Biological magnification Name the pesticide that concentrated in fish-eating birds like eagles and caused them to lay eggs with fragile shells DDT Program in which endangered species are allowed to breed in zoos until numbers increase and then are returned to their natural habitats Captive breeding Forests that have never been cut that provide unique habitats for wildlife Old growth forests OR “virgin” forests Uppermost layer of soil that contains most of the nutrients and is susceptible to erosion topsoil Wavelength of sunlight that causes sunburn, skin cancer, and cataracts which the ozone layer protects us from Ultra violet (UV) The development of highly productive crop strains and the use of modern agriculture techniques to increase yields of food crops Green revolution Way of using natural resources without depleting them and of providing for human needs without causing long term harm to the environment Sustainable development A process caused by a combination of poor farming practices, overgrazing, and drought that turns productive land in areas with dry climates into deserts desertification A mixture of chemicals (smoke + fog) that occurs as a gray-brown haze in the atmosphere smog Harmful material that can enter the biosphere through land, water, or air pollutant the sum total of the variety of organisms in the biosphere; It is a measure of the health of an ecosystem biodiversity term used to refer to a species that is at risk of becoming endangered threatened Splitting of ecosystems into small areas Habitat fragmentation a species whose population size is rapidly declining and will become extinct if the trend continues without intervention endangered increasing concentration a harmful substance in organisms at higher trophic levels in a food chain or web Biological magnification Plants or animals that have migrated or been introduced into places where they are not native and for which there are no natural predators or parasites to control their population Invasive species The wise management of natural resources, including the preservation of habitats and wildlife conservation Areas containing endangered ecosystems that could benefit most from efforts and $ to preserve them Hot spots Atmospheric layer in which ozone (03) gas is relatively concentrated which protects us from the sun’s ultra-violet radiation Ozone layer Rain containing nitric and sulfuric acids caused by burning fossil fuels Acid rain Increase in the average temperatures of the Earth Global warming Fuels such as oil, coal, or natural gas produced by the decay of dead organic matter that cause many environmental problems such as global warming and acid rain Fossil fuels Illegal hunting of animals poaching Zebra mussels and leafy spurge in South Dakota and rabbits in Australia are examples of what environmental problem Invasive species Tell two modern agricultural methods that are helping to preserve the environment Satellite/GPS imaging, no-till, crop rotation, contour plowing, controlled grazing, cover crops, biological pest control Governmental body whose job it is to monitor and enforce environmental regulations, provide education on environmental issues, conduct environmental research, and provide funding for environmental programs Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Agreement signed by almost 200 countries, including the United States, which agreed to reduce (and eventually stop) the use of ozone depleting chemicals. Montreal Protocol The giant aquifer that supplies water for drinking and agricultural irrigation to much of the farming midwest Ogallala Act passed to protect endangered species that prevents importation into the United States of anything that comes from an endangered animal Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) Act Agreement, aimed at reducing global warming, which has been ratified by 104 nations that asks participants to reduce by 2012 their greenhouse gas emissions to a percentage of their 1990 emission levels. (The President Bush has questioned some of the details of the treaty and the US has not ratified it) Kyoto Accord Chemicals containing chlorofluorocarbons used in aerosol cans and refrigerants that cause a depletion of the ozone layer CFC’s Area in which the addition of an abundance of limiting nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus cause an algal bloom, blocking sunlight, and causing the death of organisms below Dead zone Tell where we could see this problem in the United States Gulf of Mexico where Mississippi River empties Natural process in which atmospheric gases trap energy from sunlight as heat Greenhouse effect the scientific study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment ecology All the organisms that live in a place together with their nonliving or physical environment ecosystem an immediate increase in the amount of algae and other producers that results from the addition of a large amount of limiting nutrient Algal bloom Name an environmental problem caused by burning fossil fuels Acid rain Global warming Air pollution/smog Habitat destruction Tell the cause of dead zones Agricultural runoff Name an invasive species that is causing problems in South Dakota Zebra mussels Leafy spurge Name the author whose book “Silent Spring” described the dangers of DDT and started the environmental movement Rachel Carson Healthy ecosystems have a high ________ level of biodiversity. low high Tell something humans do that endangers species and reduces biodiversity Over hunting, poaching, habitat destruction, habitat fragmentation, industrial growth, ag runoff, burning fossil fuels (leads to global warming & acid rain); CFC’s, deforestation, air & water pollution. . . . During the late 1950’s-early 1960’s people living near Minamata Bay, Japan became ill with a crippling neurological disease, later discovered to be caused by mercury being dumped into the ecosystem there. The toxin passed along the food chain and people became ill from eating fish caught in the bay. This is an example of which concept you learned about? Biological magnification Pollutants concentrate in the highest trophic levels (in this case… humans) Name one of the greenhouse gases CO2 Methane CFC’s Water vapor Name an effect of too much UV light Sunburn/skin cancer Premature aging Cataracts/blindness Reduced crop yield Food chain disruptions Name the environmental problem addressed by the Kyoto Accord Global warming (helps acid rain too) Tell 3 “goods and services” ecosystems provide for humans Solar energy, food production, oxygen production, nutrient storage & recycling, climate regulation, habitats for wildlife, waste detoxification, natural pest/disease control, air/water purification, source of new medicines, soil erosion/runoff management Name the environmental problem addressed by the Montreal Protocol Ozone depletion Tell one effect of acid rain on an ecosystem Kills fish, reduces biodiversity, damages forests, human illness/death (asthma/bronchitis) Tell something we can do to help reduce global warming Reduce use of fossil fuels (anything that uses less electricity or less water would help) Drive less increase fuel efficiency on cars National energy policy that emphasizes and encourages use of alternative energy Recycle Reduce deforestation there are more. . . How does deforestation impact global warming? Trees remove CO2 from atmosphere during photosynthesis; fewer trees means less CO2 is removed … more global warming Name 3 “goods and services” provided to humans by the biosphere Solar energy Oxygen production Nutrient storage/cycling Climate regulation food production Human/industrial waste detoxification Natural pest/disease control Source of new medicines Source of raw materials for building stuff Air/water purification erosion/runoff management . . . . there are more What does EPA stand for? Environmental Protection Agency Which of the following are caused by burning fossil fuels? All EXCEPT acid rain global warming ozone depletion are caused by ozone depletion burning fossil fuels smog Name 2 harmful effects of Ultra-violet light. Sunburn, skin cancer, cataracts/blindness, Premature aging (wrinkles), decreased crop production, harm food chains Which atom makes ozone? Oxygen; O3