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Unit 3
The Early Republic
Chapter 10:The Age of Jefferson
I. Republicans in Power
A. A New Style of President
1. Jefferson believed in the good sense of ordinary people. He wanted to
make the government more democratic.
a) Democratic - ensuring that all people have the same rights.
2. An Informal Affair a) Jefferson preferred quiet dinners to formal parties.
b) He wore casual clothes.
c) He greeted people by shaking hands instead of bowing.
3. During his inaugural address, he tried to ease federalist fears.
a) He called for an end to the bitter political quarrels of the past
years.
4. Jefferson did not want to punish federalists. He did, however, want to
change their policies.
a) They had made the central government too powerful.
b) He cut the federal budget and lowered taxes.
c) He believed in an idea known as laissez faire (let alone) government should play as small a role as possible in economic affairs.
B. A Small and Simple Government
1. Jefferson chose a cabinet that would help him reach his goals.
a) Secretary of State - James Madison, his friend and neighbor, who
had helped him build the Republican Party.
b) Secretary of Treasury - Albert Gallatin, a wizard with finances, he
helped Jefferson cut government expenses.
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2. Limiting Federal Power
a) Jefferson decreased the size of government departments and cut
the federal budget.
b) He reduced the size of the army and navy and reduced
construction on new naval ships.
c) He repealed the unpopular whiskey tax.
d) He also asked congress to restore the five-year waiting period for
foreign people who wanted to become citizens of the United States.
e) He pardoned those who were in jail because of the Sedition Act,
which had expired the day before he took office.
3. Some Federalist Policies Remain
a) Gallatin convinced the President to keep the Bank of the United
States.
b) Also continued to pay off state debts that the federal government
had taken over when Washington was President.
C. A Stronger Supreme Court - The election of 1800 had given republicans
control of congress. Federalists remained strong in the Supreme Court.
1. During the three months that passed between the election and
Jefferson's inauguration, Federalists in the old congress passed laws
increasing the number of federal judges. President Adams then appointed
Federalists to these new positions.
a) Chief Justice of the Supreme Court -John Marshall - wanted to
make the federal government stronger.
b) Midnight Judge - Adams appointed William Marbury on his last
night as President. His term ended before Marbury could take office
and Republicans refused to accept him. They accused Federalists of
using unfair tactics to keep control of the courts.
c) Jefferson ordered Madison not to deliver the official papers
confirming Marbury's appointment.
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2. Marbury vs. Madison -Marbury sued Madison. According to the
Judiciary Act of 1789, only the Supreme Court could decide a case against a
federal official.
a) The Supreme Court ruled against Marbury.
b) Chief Justice Marshall stated that the Judiciary Act was
unconstitutional. Nowhere did the Constitution give the Supreme
Court the right to decide federal cases brought against a federal
official. Therefore, Congress could not give the Supreme Court that
power by simply passing the Judiciary Act.
3. The Supreme Court's decision set an important precedent.
It gave the Supreme Court the Power of Judicial Review.
a) Judicial Review - power to decide whether laws passed by
congress were constitutional.
b) This decision gave more power to the Supreme Court.
c) Today, judicial review remains one of the most important powers
of the Supreme Court.
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II. The Louisiana Purchase
A. New Orleans and Mississippi
1. By 1800, almost one million Americans lived between the Appalachians and
the Mississippi River. Most were farmers.
a) They relied on the Mississippi River to ship their wheat and corn to
markets in the East.
b) Goods were shipped down the Mississippi River to New Orleans
where they were loaded onto ships and carried to the Atlantic coast.
2. From time to time Spain threatened to close the port of New Orleans to
Americans. President Washington sent Thomas Pinckney to find a way to
keep the port opened.
a) Pinckney Treaty - Spain agreed to keep the port open.
3. Shortly afterward, Spain signed a secret treaty with Napoleon
Bonaparte, the ruler of France.
a) Treaty gave Louisiana back to France.
b) Napoleon wanted to grow food in Louisiana and ship it to the
French Islands in the West Indies.
B. Revolt in Haiti
1. Haiti was the richest French colony in the Caribbean.
a) Enslaved Africans worked on sugar plantations that made French
planters wealthy.
b) The French Revolution had inspired the slaves in Haiti to fight for
liberty.
c) Toussaint L'Ouverture led the revolt.
2. Napoleon sent troops to recapture Haiti. Although they captured
Toussaint, they did not regain control.
a) 1804 - Haitians declared their independence.
b) Haiti became the second republic in the Americas.
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C. The Nation Doubles in size
1. About the same time the Haitians forced out the French, President
Jefferson decided to buy New Orleans from Napoleon.
a) He sent Robert Livingston and James Monroe to negotiate.
b) He instructed them to buy New Orleans and West Florida for $2
million - a sum congress set-aside for that purpose.
c) If necessary they could offer as much as $10 Million.
2. A surprising proposal.
a) Livingston and Monroe talked to Talleyrand.
b) Napoleon's dream of an empire in the Americas ended when the
French lost control of Haiti.
c) He now needed money to finance his wars in Europe.
d) Talleyrand asked Livingston what he would give for the whole of
Louisiana.
e) Livingston offered $4 million. Talleyrand said, "Too low!"
f) Livingston and Monroe debated. They agreed on $15 million.
Talleyrand accepted.
3. Was the Purchase Constitutional? Jefferson was pleased with the
purchase. But did the Constitution give him the power to buy land?
a) The document said nothing about a President's power to purchase
territory.
b) It did allow him to make treaties.
c) At his request, the senate quickly approved a treaty making the
Louisiana Purchase.
D. Lewis and Clark's Assignment
1. The U.S. now owned Louisiana but new little about it. In 1803, congress
provided money to a team of explorers to study the new lands(this was
planned before we actually bought the Louisiana territory).
a) Jefferson chose Meriwether Lewis, his private secretary, to head
the expedition. Lewis asked William Clark, another Virginian to join
him. About 50 men made up their band.
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2. Jefferson hoped they would find an all water route to the Pacific. He
gave them detailed instructions.
a) Make detailed observations.
b) Study the wild life, soil, mineral resources and climate.
c) Learn about and become friends with the Indians of the area.
d) Open trade relations with the Indians.
E. The Expedition Begins
1. In 1804, Lewis and Clark started up the Missouri River from St. Louis.
a) At first their progress was slow because they were traveling
against the current.
b) They met people from various Indian nations.
c) Lewis and Clark had brought many presents for the Native
Americans. EX. Mirrors, beads, knives, blankets, fishhooks and
sewing needles.
2. As winter approached, they arranged to stay with the Mandans near
present day Bismarck, North Dakota.
a) Mandan villages had been major trading centers for hundreds of
years.
F. Over the Rockies
1. Lewis and Clark planned to continue up the Missouri in the spring, but
they worried how they would cross the steep Rocky Mountains.
a) Sacajawea, a Shoshone, was also staying with the Mandans that
winter. She was from the Rocky Mountains so she and her French
Canadian husband and child offered to guide the explorers across the
mountains.
b) She would also translate for them with different Native American
groups.
2. Sacajawea contributed greatly to the success of the expedition.
a) She gathered wild vegetables and advised men where to hunt game.
b) She knew about the healing qualities of different herbs, so they
relied on her for medical help.
c) She also acted as a translator.
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3. When Sacajawea reached her people, she persuaded them to supply the
mission with the food and horses it needed to continue.
G. Reaching the Pacific
1. As they crossed the Rockies the explorers noted that the rivers flowed
west, toward the Pacific Ocean. They had crossed the continental divide.
a) continental divide - a mountain range that separates river systems.
b) Rivers east of the divide flow into the Mississippi, which drains
into the Gulf of Mexico.
c) Rivers west of the divide flow into the Pacific Ocean.
2. Entering the Pacific Northwest.
a) Built canoes and floated down the Columbia River.
b) They met the Nez Perce Indians.
3. On November 7, 1805, Lewis and Clark finally met their goal. They had
reached the Pacific Ocean.
a) Their return trip took another year.
b) Americans celebrated their return.
c) They brought back useful information about the Louisiana
Purchase.
H. Pike Explores the West
1. Before Lewis and Clark returned, another explorer set out from Saint
Louis. From 1805 to 1807, Zebulon Pike explored the upper Mississippi
River, the Arkansas River, and parts of present day Colorado and New
Mexico.
a) On Thanksgiving Day, Pike saw a mountain peak rising above the
Colorado plains that he named Pikes Peak.
b) The information he brought back greatly expanded Americans’
knowledge of the Southwest.
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III. New Threats From Overseas
A. Trading Around the World
1. After the Revolution, American overseas trade grew rapidly.
a) Yankee captains traded all over the world.
b) Yankee merchants sailed up the Pacific coast of North America in
the 1790s. So many traders from Boston visited the Pacific
Northwest that the Native Americans called every white man
"Boston".
c) They bought furs from the Indians and sold them for large profits
in China.
2. American traders ran great risks, especially in the Mediterranean Sea.
a) Pirates from the nations along the coasts of North Africa attacked
vessels from Europe and the U.S.
b) Barbary States - North African Nations.
c) To protect American ships, the U.S. paid a yearly tribute, or bribe
to the rulers of the Barbary States.
3. War with Tripoli
a) In the early 1800s, the ruler of Tripoli demanded a larger bribe
than usual.
b) Jefferson refused to pay.
c) Tripoli declared war on the U.S.
d) Jefferson ordered a naval blockade of the port of Tripoli. A force
of American Marines landed in North Africa and marched 500 miles
to launch a surprise attack on Tripoli.
e) The war lasted until 1805; Tripoli signed a treaty promising not to
interfere with American ships.
B. Attacks On American Ships
1. In 1803, Britain and France went to war again.
a) As in the 1790s, the European war gave a boost to American trade.
b) American merchants made profits trading with both sides.
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2. Neither Britain nor France wanted the United States to sell supplies to
its enemy.
a) They ignored American claims of neutrality.
b) Between 1805 and 1807, hundreds of American ships were
captured by both the British and the French.
c) impressment - The British navy also kidnapped American sailors
and forced them to serve on British ships.
C. A Ban on Trade
1. Americans were furious at the British for attacking ships and impressing
sailors.
a) Jefferson hoped to avoid war. The small American fleet was no
match for the British navy.
b) embargo - a ban on trade with another country.
2. The Embargo Act of 1807 forbade Americans to import or export
goods.
a) The embargo hurt Britain and France.
b) Americans suffered even more. Trade went from $108 million in
1807 to $22 million in 1808.
c) Sailors had no work.
d) Farmers had no money.
e) New England merchants were hurt most of all.
3. After more than a year, Jefferson admitted that the Embargo Act had
failed. In 1809, congress voted to end the embargo.
a) Nonintercourse Act - allowed Americans to trade with all nations
except Britain and France.
4. Jefferson followed the precedent set by Washington and refused to run
for a third term.
a) James Madison, his fellow republican, easily won the election.
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IV. The Road to War
A. War Hawks
1. In 1810, President Madison tried a new plan.
a) If either Britain or France would stop seizing American ships, the
United States would halt trade with the other nation.
b) Napoleon quickly announced that France would stop seizing
American ships.
2. The President did not want war.
a) New England merchants wanted to restore trade with Britain.
b) War Hawks - members of congress from the South and West who
clamored for war. Had a strong sense of nationalism.
c) Nationalism - pride in or devotion to one's country.
3. Henry Clay of Kentucky was the most outspoken War Hawk.
a) Wanted revenge on British for seizing American ships.
b) He also wanted an excuse to conquer Canada.
4. War Hawks saw other advantages.
a) South of the United States, Florida belonged to Spain, Britain's
ally.
b) If Americans went to war with Britain, the United States could
seize Florida from Spain.
B. Conflicts in the West
1. War Hawks claimed that Britain was arming Native Americans on the
frontier and encouraging them to attack settlers.
2. Settlers pushed west.
a) Ohio joined the Union in 1803.
b) Thousands of settlers were pushing beyond Ohio into Indiana
Territory.
c) Settlers built farms on land reserved for Indians.
d) They hunted deer and birds that the Indians depended on for
food.
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3. Native Americans resist.
a) Sometimes Indian nations protested the federal government.
b) Other times, small bands attacked settlers to drive them off of
their land.
c) Native Americans found it difficult to unite to oppose settlement.
C. Two Shawnee Brothers Seek Unity.
1. Tenskwatawa (The Prophet) - Native Americans must give up White
ways.
a) In 1808 - the Prophet built a village for his followers at
Tippecanoe Creek in Indiana Territory.
b) Indians traveled from far away places to hear his message.
2. Tecumseh, the Prophet's older brother, visited other Indian Nations.
a) Tall, handsome, and energetic.
b) He organized many Native Americans into a confederation, or
league.
c) The Prophet was the spiritual leader.
d) Tecumseh was the spokesperson.
3. In 1809, William Henry Harrison, governor of the Indiana Territory,
signed a treaty with several Indian leaders.
a) The U.S. bought 3 million acres of Indian land for less than half a
cent an acre.
b) Tecumseh was enraged. He said leaders had no right to sell the
land.
4. In the summer of 1810, Tecumseh decided to deliver a message to
Governor Harrison.
a) Tecumseh impressed Harrison.
b) He warned a need for change.
c) Tecumseh insisted that he give his message to President Madison.
The governor agreed.
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D. Showdown at Tippecanoe
1. Old rivalries among Indian nations kept Tecumseh from uniting Indians
east of the Mississippi.
a) Still, white settlers feared him.
b) 1811 -Harrison decided to march with a 1,000 soldiers to
Prophetstown, on Tippecanoe Creek. He knew Tecumseh was away
organizing Indians in the South.
c) The Prophet learned of Harrison's approach. He decided to launch
a surprise attack on Harrison's troops.
d) In the battle that followed, neither side won a clear victory.
e) Still, whites in the east celebrated the Battle of Tippecanoe as a
major victory.
E. Congress Declares War
1. The Battle of Tippecanoe marked the beginning of a long and deadly war
on the frontier.
a) Fighting between the Native Americans and the settlers spurred
the War Hawks to clamor even louder for war.
b) They were convinced the British were arming the Indians.
c) President Madison asked congress to declare war in June of 1812.
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V. The War of 1812
A. Preparing for War
1. The United States was not ready for war.
a) Navy had only 16 ships.
b) The army was small and poorly equipped.
c) Most of the officers were not trained.
2. Since there were few regular troops the government relied on volunteers.
a) Congress voted to give them $124 and 360 acres of land for their
service. The money was high pay at the time - equal to a year's salary.
b) Young men eagerly enlisted. They were not trained.
c) Many deserted after a few months.
d) Others would not fight unless they were paid.
B. Fighting at Sea
1. The American declaration of war had surprised the British. They were
locked in a bitter struggle with the French and could not spare troops to
fight in the United States.
a) The powerful British navy blockaded American ports.
2. The American Navy was two small to break the blockade. Yet several sea
captains won stunning victories.
a) Sailing near Newfoundland, Isaac Hull, captain of the USS
Constitution (Old Ironsides), spotted the British frigate Guerriere.
b) Captain Hull waited until he was close enough and fired cannons
that tore through the side of the French ship.
c) Although these small victories cheered Americans, they did little
to break the blockade.
C. War in the West
1. Americans Invade Canada
a) William Hull led American troops into Canada from Detroit.
b) Canadian General Isaac Brock tricked Americans.
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He paraded his soldiers in red cloaks to make them appear to be well
trained Redcoats. He also leaked a false secret message that said he
had 5,000 Indians fighting on his side.
c) Brock's ally Tecumseh staged raids on the Americans that seemed
to confirm the message.
d) Brock's strategy worked - Hull retreated.
2. In September 1813, the tide turned when Americans gained control of
Lake Erie.
a) William Henry Harrison, now a General, invaded Canada in search of
Tecumseh and the British.
b) The Battle of the Thames - Americans won a decisive victory.
Tecumseh died in the fighting.
3. In 1814, Andrew Jackson led American troops into battle.
a) With the help of the Cherokees, Jackson won a decisive victory at
the Battle of Horseshoe Bend. The Creek Indians surrendered.
b) For the time being, the fighting ended. Native Americans were
once again forced to give up land.
D. The British Burn Washington
1. In 1814, the British and its allies defeated France. Now Britain could send
troops and ships to the United States.
a) That summer, British ships sailed into Chesapeake Bay.
b) British troops marched on Washington D.C. and burned most of the
city to the ground.
c) Dolley Madison, the First Lady, gathered up important papers of
the President and a portrait of George Washington. Then she fled
south.
2. From Washington D.C., the British marched north towards Baltimore.
They attacked Fort McHenry. British rockets bombarded the harbor. When
the fog lifted, the " broad stripes and bright stars" of the American flag
still waved over the fort.
a) The British gave up the attack.
b) Francis Scott Key wrote a poem about the bombardment.
c) Years later, "The Star-Spangled Banner" was set to music and
adopted as the National Anthem of the United States.
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E. Jackson Defends New Orleans
1. The British prepared to attack New Orleans. From there, they would sail
up the Mississippi.
a) Andrew Jackson was waiting for them. His forces included
thousands of frontiersmen, many of them expert riflemen.
b) Hundreds of African Americans as well as a group of Filipino
Americans also volunteered to defend their city.
c) Jackson's troops dug trenches to defend their city.
d) More than 2,000 British fell. Only seven Americans died.
2. All over the United States, Americans celebrated their victory at the
Battle of New Orleans. Andrew Jackson became a hero, second only to
George Washington.
a) The battle could have been avoided. News took weeks to cross the
Atlantic Ocean in the early 1800s. It took place two weeks after the
United States and Great Britain signed a peace treaty in Europe
ending the war.
F. Peace at Last
1. New Englanders protest - Britain's blockade hurt New England's sea
trade.
a) Hartford Convention - delegates threatened to leave the union if
the war continued.
b) News of the treaty arrived and the convention quickly ended.
2. The Treaty of Ghent was signed on December 24, 1814. John Quincy
Adams, won of the Americans at Ghent, summed up the treaty in one
sentence.
"Nothing was adjusted, nothing was settled"
3. Both sides agreed to return matters to the way they were before the
war. The treaty said nothing about impressment or American neutrality.
Since Britain was no longer at war with France, these conflicts faded.
a) In 1818, the two countries agreed to set much of the border of
between Canada and the United States at 49 degrees North latitude.
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