Download PPT1 - Ycmou

Online Counseling Resource
YCMOU ELearning Drive…
School of Architecture, Science and Technology
Yashwantrao Chavan Maharashtra
Open University, Nashik – 422222, India
OC-SBT/SBI/SGSO32-U01-01
Introduction
Programmes and Courses
 SEP – SBT032 – Unit 01
 SEP – SBI032 – Unit 01
 SEP – SGS032 – Unit 01
School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource…
Credits
 Academic Inputs by
 Mrs. Rasika Bhore
 M.sc (Microbiology)
 [email protected]
© 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.
3
School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource…
How to Use This Resource

Counselor at each study center should use this presentation to deliver
lecture of 40-60 minutes during Face-To-Face counseling.

Discussion about students difficulties or tutorial with assignments should
follow the lecture for about 40-60 minutes.

Handouts (with 6 slides on each A4 size page) of this presentation should
be provided to each student.

Each student should discuss on the discussion forum all the terms which
could not be understood. This will improve his writing skills and enhance
knowledge level about topics, which shall be immensely useful for end
exam.

Appear several times, for all the Self-Tests, available for this course.

Student can use handouts for last minutes preparation just before end
exam.
© 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.
4
School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource…
Learning Objectives

After studying this module, you should be able to:

Discuss the contribution of Robert Hook & Leeuwenhoek in
finding life with their microscopes.

Describe how microbiology started from Leeuwenhoek's
observations.

Describe the living things that Leeuwenhoek observed under
microscope.

Define & describe spontaneous generation.
© 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.
5
School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource…
Introduction








Ecosystem rely on microorganisms to enrich soil, degrade wastes, &
support life.
Microorganisms are essential part of our lives.
The science of microbiology started with the invention of the
microscope.
Robert Hooke is credited with being the first person to use a
microscope for academic study.
Antoni van Leeuwenhoek were using microscopes to look at animal
and plant tissue.
Van Leeuwenhoek examined a drop of rainwater and noticed it
contained tiny creatures he called "animalcules".
These were in fact bacteria and so van Leeuwenhoek became the
first person to study bacteria.
Then after the Aristotle proposed the theory of spontaneous
generation which was supported by Needham’s experiment.
© 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.
6
School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource…
Microbiology started here…….
 The first person to report seeing microbes
under the microscope was an Englishman,
Robert Hooke.
 Working with a crude compound microscope
he saw the cellular structure of plants around
1665.
 He also saw fungi & organisms as diverse as
insects, sponges, bryozoans, foraminifera,
and bird feathers.
 As his lens were of poor quality he was
apparently unable to see bacteria.
© 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.
7
School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource…
Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek
 Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek was a "cloth merchant"
living in Delft Holland.
 He used magnifying lens to view the quality of the
weave of the clothes he purchased.
 In England, he saw drawings of magnifications of
cloth much greater than any of the current lens
available in Holland.
 He returned to Holland and took up lens grinding.
 He developed his lens grinding to an art.
 He made numerous microscopes from silver and
gold and viewed everything.
 (Leeuwenhoek’s microscope is shown in figure.)
© 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.
8
School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource…
Observation by Leeuwenhoek
1. In lake water, he observed green alga:
Spirogyra.
2. Protists: ciliate, Vorticella
3.
Plaque between teeth: many very little living
animalcules, i.e. Bacteria which are mobile.
4. Animal and plant tissues
5. Mineral crystals and fossils
6. Blood cells
7.
8.
Living sperm cells of animals
Nematodes and rotifers
© 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.
9
School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource…
Discovery of ‘Microorganisms’
 Based on the description & figures given by
Leeuwenhoek, the term ‘Microorganisms’
established.
 Microbes/Microorganisms include all organisms that
are too small to be seen without a microscope.
 For the discovery of Leeuwenhoek, today he is
known as Father of Protozoology & Bacteriology.
© 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.
10
School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource…
Aristotle’s Theory
 Aristotle was the most famous Greek
scientist.
 He put the theory that, living things arise
via 3 processes:
 Through sexual reproduction
 Through asexual reproduction
 From non-living matter.
© 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.
11
School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource…
Spontaneous Generation
 As per third process of Aristotle, there is
sudden formation of life from non-living things.
 This is called as Spontaneous Generation or
Abiogenesis.
 This theory was widely accepted for over 1900
years, as some commonly observed
phenomenon supported it.
 For example, appearance of maggots on
spoiling meat.
© 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.
12
School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource…
John Turberville Needham
 John Turberville Needham was an English
biologist and Roman Catholic priest.
 He was a proponent of spontaneous generation,
and his beliefs were confirmed when, after boiling
beef broth to kill all microbes, within the span of a
few days, cloudiness of the broth indicated the
respawning of microscopic life.
 Thus, he did experiments with gravy and later
tainted wheat that seemed to show that life was
able to be generated from non-living material, or
abiogenesis (spontaneous generation).
© 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.
13
School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource…
Needham’s Experiment



Needham boiled beef gravy & infusions of plant material in vials,
which tightly sealed with rubber corks.
Some days later, vials appeared cloudy, & examination revealed an
abundance of microscopical animals.
So he concluded that there must be a ‘life force’ that causes nonliving matter to spontaneously come to life.
© 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.
14
School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource…
What we Learn…………………
 Robert Hook was the first person who
invented microscope & saw living cells.
 Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek is the Father of
Bacteriology who first observed bacteria
under microscope.
 He observed algae, RBC, animal & plant
tissues etc.
 Theory of Abiogenesis states that life arise
from non-living matter.
 It has proven by Needham’s experiment.
© 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.
15
School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource…
Critical Thinking Questions
Do you agree with the concept of
spontaneous generation? Why?
© 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.
16
School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource…
Tips For Critical Thinking Questions
 Contamination cause by external sources like
insects, air, water etc.
© 2006, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.
17
School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource…
Study Tips
 Book

Title: Microbiology

Author: Lansing M.
Prescott
 Book

Title: Microbiology

Author: Pelczar
© 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.
18
School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource…
Study Tips
www.theguardians.com
Microbiology
www.science.nhmccd.edu
NHC microbiology links
© 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.
19
End of the Presentation
Thank You !