Download Living things

Living things come in an amazing variety of shapes
and forms. Most scientists declare that the first living
organism probably evolved billions of years ago and
science has classified and described some 2 million
different species on Earth. Although living things
differ from each other, there are differences between
living and non living things.
Oral questions (discussion)
Do you know what a living thing is? And a non
living thing?
How can you tell if something is living or non-living?
Unit 1
Living things
Reptilian
blood cell
Living things are organisms that exhibit characteristics of life and respond to the environment.
These characteristics include the ability to grow,
reproduce, eat, and use energy. Living things include humans, animals, plants, fungi and small organisms known as bacteria.
Living things are highly organized. All living things
are made of cells. The cell is considered the fundamental unit of life.
A primary difference between plant cells and
animal cells is that plant cells are able to make their
own food.
A cell is the smallest living unit. Because cells and
many other living things are really small, we need an
instrument to make them visible to the naked eye.
Unit 1
Green cells
Cells
A cell is the smallest living thing. A cell is the basic unit of
life as we know it. All living organisms on Earth are divided into cells. All cells are made by other cells and they
have specialized functions. Humans have hundreds of
different types of cells such as skin cells, red blood and
white blood cells, nerve cells, and muscle cell.
Cytoplasm
Cell
membrane
Nucleus
Vacuole
Parts of a cell
Animal and plant cells have the same basic structure, but
plant cells are bigger and have a rectangular shape.
Also, plant cells have a hard cell wall to protect the cell
membrane and specialized organelles called chloroplast that absorb the sunlight. Plant and animal cells
have many parts, each with a different function.
Animal and plants cells
Vacuole
Nucleus
Chloroplast
Cytoplasm
Cell wall
Cell
membrane
Animal and plant cells have the following parts in
common:
Nucleus: It controls function inside the cell.
Cytoplasm: It is a thin outer layer that surrounds the
cell and allows the exchange of substances.
Cell membrane: It allows the exchange of substances. Thin outer layer. It surrounds cell.
Vacuole: It stores food and water. It gives shape to
the cell.
Plant cells also have these additional parts:
Chloroplast: It contains chlorophyll for Photosynthesis (only in plants).
Cell wall: It is rigid and go around the cell membrane.
It protects the cell.
1
What are two abilities of an organism?
2
Complete the sentences:
1. Living things exhibit ... of life.
2. Living things include ... , ... , ... , and
bacteria.
Unit 1
Unicellular and multicellular
organism
Based on the number of cells, there are two kinds of
organisms. Some organisms, such as bacteria or
yeast, are called unicellular organisms and they
have only one cell. However multicellular organisms, such as plants or animals, are made up of
numerous cells that work together and have specialized functions. For instance, skin cells, liver cells,
muscles and brain cells have different jobs in
humans. Multicellular organisms can survive better
than unicellular organisms.
Go online to learn more about
cells with flashcards and games:
1
2
3
4
5
1. Algae
2. Amoeba
3. Euglena
4. Yeast
5. Paramecium
Specialized cells
Cells in organisms become specialized to carry out
certain jobs, such as transporting substances or
completing a specific task. These cells are called
specialized cells and share many common features
with other cells, but specialized cells have a special
structure to help them to adapt and perform their
functions efficiently. Some specialized cells in
plants and in animals are:
Life cycle
of great moron
butterfly from
caterpillar
Plant cells:
Root hair cells: Absorb water and minerals from
the soil.
Unit 1
Leaf cells: Collect sunlight for photosynthesis.
Animal cells:
Nerve cells (neurons): Transmit signals around
the body to coordinate actions.
1
True (T) or false (F)?
Red blood cells transport oxygen to
muscles.
Reproductive cells protect the body from
viruses.
Red blood cells: Transport oxygen from the lung
to the body cells.
Root cells collect sunlight for
photosynthesis.
White cells transport oxygen to muscles.
Nerve cells transmit signals to coordinate
actions.
Sperm cells fertilize an egg for
reproduction.
Sperm cells: Fertilize an egg for reproduction.
2
Muscle cells: They contract to cause movement.
2
Match each concept:
Bacteria
Animal cell
Leaf cell
Multicellular
Nerve cell
Unicellular
Birds
Plant cell
Fill the gap in these sentences:
1. ... organisms have only one cell.
2. ...organisms have many different kinds of
cells.
Unit 1
Levels of organization
Cells are the smallest part of a living thing and
organism. Humans, animal and plants are multicellular and cells carry out all their life processes
and function. The cells form tissues, tissues form
organs, organs form organ systems, and organ
systems combine to form an organism.
1
CHEMICAL LEVEL
Atoms
Many individual organisms can be organized into
the following levels:
Cell: Basic unit of structure and function of all
living things.
2
CELULAR
LEVEL
Molecule
Tissue: Group of cells of the same kind. They
work together to do a specific job. Muscle tissue
makes up muscles. Tissue carries water from
roots to stems to leaves, flesh of fruits.
Smoot muscle
cell
Organ: One or more types of tissues. The
tissues of an organ work together for a specific
function. Brain, lungs, heart, stomach for
humans. Roots, flowers, fruits for plants.
Organ system: Organ systems work together
to perform a function. Examples of organ systems
in humans include the skeletal system, nervous
system, and circulatory systems. Flowers and
pollen in flowering plant reproduction.
Organism: All the different organ systems
work together to form an organism or living thing.
5
Unit 1
ORGANISM LEVEL
3
TISSUE LEVEL
1
True (T) or false (F)?
1. Heart and stomach form the circulatory
system.
Serous
membrane
2. Lungs form the digestive system.
3. Roots and leaves are organs of a plant.
ORGAN
LEVEL
4
4. The skeletal system is composed of
cartilage and bones.
Smooth muscle
tissue layers
2
Stomach
Complete the sentences:
plant
Epithelal
tissue
animals
plants
reproductive
1. The flesh of fruits is an example of
tissue found in ...
5
2. The bones, the stomach and the
intestines are organs found in ...
SYSTEM LEVEL
Esophagus
3. Leaves and flowers are ...organs.
Liver
Stomach
Pancreas
Gallbladder
4. Flowers and pollen belong to the ...
systems in plants.
Small Intestine
Large Intestine
3
Complete the sentences:
1. Cells are basic ...
2. Organs systems work ...
3. Organs are made up of ...
4. Tissues are made up of ...
Unit 1
Life processes
Nutrition. However, they
All living things depend on life processes to stay alive. Living things have many differences.
all perform basic life processes or vital functions. The life processes carried out by all living things include
nutrition, reproduction and interaction. These life processes allow living things to obtain and process food,
make more organisms like themselves, and interact with their environment.
Nutrition
is the ability living things have to
obtain food from the environment to transform them
into energy. Animals use the respiratory system for
oxygen, and the digestive system for nutrients.
Plants absorb minerals and water through their roots
and carbon dioxide and sunlight through their
leaves. An example of the nutrition process is an
athlete who takes in oxygen while exevcising.
Nutrition
Reproduction is the ability to produce new
organisms similar to its own kind. Through the process of reproduction, all living things make new individuals. Reproduction is essential for continuation of
the species. A plant reproduces from a seed while
many mammals reproduce from the mother’s womb
(pregnancy).
Reproduction
Interaction
is the ability to react to changes
in the environment. All living things receive or detect
information about their environment and react to this
information in different ways. A change that causes
an organism to react is called a stimulus. Interaction
can help animals to defend their own territory and
react to changes in light, temperature, humidity, and
situation in plants. Chameleons change color to
match their surroundings.
Unit 1
Interaction
Human body system
The human body is made up of several organ systems that as a unit work together to keep the body functioning. There are major organ systems in the body. Each organ system has a different job in helping the body
work.
Circulatory
System
Skeletal
System
Digestive
System
2
Nervous
System
Match the life processes to the correct
concept:
nutrition
1
True (T) or false (F)?
Interaction can help animals to defend
their territory.
Reproduction allows birds to hatch
from eggs.
Senses are used to receive information
about our surroundings.
Respiratory
System
interaction
reproduction
Process materials to obtain energy.
Make possible the survival of the human
species.
Detects elements from the surrounding
to respond to the information.
Unit 1
Nutrition
Nutrition consists of specialized organ systems
through which material or substances are processed
to obtain matter and energy for human activities.
The respiratory system supplies the oxygen in
order for the blood to deliver oxygen to all parts of
the body and remove the carbon dioxide. It consists
of the nose, trachea, bronchi, and lungs.
The circulatory system is made up of the blood
vessels, blood, and heart. It delivers oxygen and
nutrients from cells to every part of the body.
The purpose of the digestive system is to process the food you eat so your cells can use it to
make energy and to help develop your body. The
organs involved in this system are the mouth, stomach, and intestines.
The excretory system system uses skin, lungs,
and kidneys to remove waste substances our body
produces.
Fallopian tube
Ovary
Uterus
Vagina
Reproduction
Cervix
Our reproductive systems make it possible for
humans to reproduce and survive as a species.
The main function of the female reproductive
system is to produce offspring (that is, more of
one’s own kind). It is made up of organs such as the
uterus, ovaries, and vagina.
The main function of the male reproductive
system is to reproduce and to be involved in the
process of reproduction of the species. It is made
up of organs such as testis, and the penis.
Ureter
Bladder
Erectile
Tissue
Ductus
Deferens
Prostate
Gland
Bulbourethral
Gland
Urethra
Epididymis
Testis
Penis
Unit 1
Seminal
Vesicle
Glans Penis
Interaction
Sensory organs
Immune system
Nervous system
Musculoskeletal System
Human body interaction helps us to coordinate and
control our daily activities. Some of our organ systems detects information from the environment in
order to respond to that information.
The five sense organs help you to gather
information about your surroundings. The five
senses are sight, smell, touch, hearing and taste,
located in a specialized organs.
The immune system is made up of a network
of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to
fight illnesses and protect the body.
The nervous system is known as the control
center of the human body. It receives, interprets,
and sends messages to organs. It is made up of
the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.
This musculoskeletal system includes muscle
tissue that helps move the body. It is made of
bones, tendons, and muscles which support and
protect the body and give it shape.
2
1
reproductive
digestive
musculoskeletal
nervous
The system that protects your body
from sickness and germs is the...
digestive system.
excretory system.
immune system.
circulatory system.
The male and female ... systems are essential for reproduction.
3
The nervous system is made up of ...
and ...
brain, tendons, and liver.
blood vessels and nerves.
brain and spine cord.
Unit 1
Focus knobs
Arm
Tube
Objective
lenses
Stage
Base
Diaphragm
Light
source
Unit 1
How to use a microscope
Why is the microscope important to the study
of cells?
A cell is the smallest living unit. Because cells and
many other living things are really small, we need an
instrument to make them visible to the naked eye.
This instrument is the microscope. A microscope is
an optical instrument containing one or more lenses
that produce an enlarged image of the object.
The main parts of an optical microscope are:
Eyepiece (s) contains a lens to look through.
Tube supports the eyepiece.
Arm supports different parts of the microscope.
Objective lenses magnify the objects or samples.
Focus knobs adjust or place the sample into
focus.
Stage area to place the slide with the sample.
Diaphragm controls the amount of light.
Light source used to focus light on the sample.
Base supports the microscope.
Use of a microscope:
• Place a sample on the slide.
• Adjust the mirror so it reflects light.
• Place the slide with the sample on the center of the
stage.
• Start with the lower power objective lens.
• Focus the sample using the adjustment knob and
set the objective lens close to the sample.
• Slowly move back the lens to avoid breaking the
glass slide.
• Keep both eyes open to reduce eye strain.
• Use the adjustment knob to fine-tune the focus.
• Shift to a higher power objective lens.
Special instructions to operate a microscope:
• Always use two hands to carry the microscope
• Keep the stage clean
• Use a glass slide for samples
• After using keep the microscope covered to prevent dust
1
A microscope is an ... instrument to
make ... visible to the naked eye.
2
Fill the gaps. The main parts of a
microscope are:
(a) ..., tube, arm, (b) ..., focus knobs,
stage, diaphragm, (c) ..., and base.
3
Choose the correct answer to fill the
gap. In a laboratory you need a
microscope to.
Study an insect.
Mix two substances.
Observe a cell.
4
Match. When using a microscope.
focus knobs
stage
diaphragm
Where do you place the sample?...
How do you focus?...
How do you control the light?...
Unit 1
UNICELLULLAR
CELLS
TISSUES
ORGANS
ORGANS SYSTEM
Parts of the skin.
Unit 1
MULTICELLULLAR
LIVING
DIGESTIVE
SYSTEM
NUTRITION
RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM
CIRCULATORY
SYSTEM
EXCRETORY
SYSTEM
THINGS
LIFE PROCESSES
REPRODUCTION
FEMALE
REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM
MALE
REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM
IMMUNE SYSTEM
NERVOUS SYSTEM
INTERACTION
MUSKULOSKELETAL
SYSTEM
SENSORY SYSTEM
Unit 1
1
Complete the sentences:
vacuole
citoplasm
4
White cells transport oxygen to muscles.
cell membrane
Nerve cells transmit signals to coordinate
actions.
1. ______________ is a clear gel material composed mainly of water.
Sperm cells fertilize an egg for reproduction.
2. ______________ is a thin outer layer that
surrounds the cell and allows the exchange of
substances.
5
3. ______________ stores food and water. It gives
shape to the cell.
2
Fill the gaps in these sentences:
2. The muscles, the mouth and the intestines are
organs found in ____________________.
3. Liver and pancreas belong to the
_________________ system in animals.
2. ____________ organisms have many different
kinds of cells.
6
Match each concept:
Complete the sentences:
1. Leaf is an example of cells found in
____________________.
1. ____________ organisms have only one cell.
3
True (T) or false (F)?
Answer the questions:
focus knobs
stage
diaphragm
Bacteria
Animal cell
Leaf cell
Multicellular
Nerve cell
Unicellular
2. How do you focus?
_______________________________________ .
Plant cell
3. How do you control the light?
_______________________________________ .
Birds
Unit 1
1. Where do you place the glass slide?
_______________________________________ .
7
Are they true (T) or false (F)?
12
1. study an insect.
2. mix two substances.
3. observe a cell.
Interaction cannot help animals to defend
their territory.
Nutrients enable living things to grow and
give energy.
13 The main parts of a microscope are:
1. ____________________, tube, arm.
2. ____________________, focus knobs,
Senses are used to detect information about
our surroundings.
8
2. Larger living things have the same number of cells
as / more cells than smaller living things.
9
stage, diaphragm.
3. __________________, and base.
Read the sentences and circle the correct word:
1. The epidermis that covers leaves is a plant is a
tissue/organ.
In a laboratory you need a microscope to …
14
Complete the boxes under a picture using:
organ, tissue or cell.
1. _________________
2. _________________
3. _________________
4. _________________
The immune system includes _____________ and
_______________.
1. brain, tendons, and liver.
2. blood vessels and nerves.
3. lymph nodes and bone marrow.
10
The organ system we use for reproduction is
the ____________________ .
1. musculoskeletal system.
2. reproductive system.
3. nervous system.
4. urinary system.
11
The system that transports oxygen and remove
carbon dioxide is ____________________ .
1. Musculoskeletal system.
2. Excretory system.
3. Immune system.
4. Circulatory system.
Unit 1
The History of the Microscope
Microscopes are instruments that scientists use to
make observations. Microscopes magnify things
that are invisible to the naked human eye. Many
things in science can be studied under a microscope. Light microscopes have been used for a
long time.
Many different inventors worked on making the
microscope. There is controversy about the origins
of the microscope, but their first microscopes were
more of a novelty than a scientific tool.
Robert Hooke and Anton Van Leeuwenhoek were
two of the microscope early inventors. However,
Zacharias Jansen and his father Hans started
experimenting with lenses during the 1590’s. They
made an important discovery and invented the
compound microscope.
Reading comprehension:
1. What does a microscope do?
2. Who were two of the men who helped
invent the microscope hundreds of years
ago?
3. How are microscopes used today?
4. How do scientists let other scientists know
about the things they observe so they can
learn too?
Unit 1
Today’s light microscopes work better than the initial
ones. With the development of technology and
advanced optics, the microscope as we know it
today came into being. For instance, the ultramicroscope was invented in 1903 to study colloidal particles. Modern electron microscopes are still
innovations for viral diagnoses and ultra-structure
studies.
Nowadays, an electron microscope is able to magnify images thousands of times. Microscopes help
working professionals with medical diagnostics, and
they have assisted scientists in gaining knowledge
of biology and science.
The Circulatory System’s Vital Functions
The circulatory system performs many vital
functions. It plays an important role in respiration
and also it is important in nutrition. The circulatory
system protects the body from diseases.
Materials:
Magic markers (different colors)
Paper
Scissors
Pen
Glue
Cardboard
Instructions:
Work in pairs.
Investigate and read about the circulatory system
using the Internet (videos, websites, and mobile
apps), reference books, encyclopedia, etc.
Draw pictures and write a brief description from
your research.
Talk to a partner about what you have learned
about this body system. Summarize your science project results. Include
key facts from your background research.
Prepare a slide show presentation using a
cardboard.
Answer each question:
1. Name the system that brings oxygen into
your body.
2. What organs make up the circulatory
system?
3. Find out about the three main types of cells
of the blood.
4. List the jobs of the circulatory system:
To transport and deliver ...
To take away and remove ...
To protect and defend ...
Unit 1