Download file - Athens Academy

Digestive System
Student: _________________________________________________________
1. Which of the following is a function performed by the digestive system?
A. cellular respiration
B. food selection
C. elimination of undigested food
D. regulation of blood pH
E. integration and coordination of other systems
2. Which of the following organs is part of the digestive tract or alimentary canal?
A. salivary gland
B. liver
C. gallbladder
D. stomach
E. pancreas
3. In order to remove a tumor in the muscular tunic of the stomach, a surgeon must cut
through the
A. lamina propria.
B. submucosa.
C. serosa.
D. mucosa.
E. lamina propria.
4. The muscularis layer in the wall of the digestive tract is
A. skeletal muscle throughout the tract, especially in the large intestine.
B. the layer of the digestive tract wall that contains capillaries.
C. in direct contact with the food that is consumed.
D. composed of a layer of circular smooth muscle fibers and a layer of longitudinal
smooth muscle fibers.
E. connective tissue and the peritoneum.
5. The enteric plexus
A. is found in the mucosa.
B. consists of the myenteric plexus and the celiac plexus.
C. contains sympathetic neurons and fibers.
D. controls movement and secretion of the digestive tract.
E. is a valve in the GI tract.
6. Which layer of the digestive tract is in direct contact with the food consumed?
A. mucosa
B. muscularis
C. submucosa
D. serosa
E. peritoneum
7. Which of the following is correctly matched?
A. mucosa - controls peristalsis
B. serosa - contains an extensive supply of nerves and blood vessels
C. submucosa - lamina propria
D. serosa - increased surface area
E. muscularis - responsible for peristalsis
8. The myenteric plexus is found in the _____ of the digestive tract wall.
A. mucosa
B. serosa
C. submucosa
D. muscularis
E. adventitia
9. The intramural plexus
A. is found in the mucosa.
B. consists of the myenteric plexus and the ciliac plexus
C. helps control movement and secretions of the digestive tract
D. contains parasympathetic neurons
E. helps control movement and secretions of the digestive tract and contains
parasympathetic neurons.
10. Beginning at the lumen, the sequence of layers of the digestive tract wall is
A. submucosa, mucosa, serous membrane, muscularis.
B. muscularis, lamina propria, submucosa, mucosa.
C. mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa.
D. peritoneum, submucosa, mucosa, lamina propria.
E. submucosa, mucosa, adventitia, muscularis.
11. Secretions that are added as food moves through the GI tract assist in
A. liquefying and digesting the food.
B. vitamin A and D production and storage.
C. distribution of nutrients throughout the body.
D. insulin production.
E. bile production.
12. Arrange the following in proper sequence:
1) digestion
2) elimination
3) ingestion
4) absorption
A. 3, 4, 2, 1
B. 1, 4, 3, 2
C. 4, 1, 2, 3
D. 3, 4, 1, 2
E. 3, 1, 4, 2
13. Which of the following occurs in the large intestine?
A. chemical digestion
B. mass movements
C. mastication
D. mixing waves
E. neutralization
14. Diffusion and active transport are likely to be important in
A. mastication of food.
B. absorption of food.
C. elimination of undigested food.
D. propulsion of food through the digestive tract.
E. mixing of food.
15. The epiglottis covers the opening into the larynx during
A. the voluntary phase of swallowing.
B. the pharyngeal phase of swallowing.
C. the esophageal phase of swallowing.
D. the gastric phase of swallowing.
E. the oral phase of swallowing.
16. The abdominal cavity is lined with
A. the omental bursa.
B. mesenteries.
C. the greater omentum.
D. parietal peritoneum.
E. superficial fascia.
17. Which of the following organs is retroperitoneal?
A. pancreas
B. ascending colon
C. duodenum
D. descending colon
E. All of these choices are correct.
18. Abdominal organs that lie against the body wall and have no mesenteries are said to
be
A. retroperitoneal.
B. antiperitoneal.
C. falciperitoneal.
D. hyperperitoneal.
E. mesoperitoneal.
19. A large amount of fat accumulates in the
A. greater omentum.
B. lesser omentum.
C. coronary ligament.
D. sigmoid mesocolon.
E. visceral peritoneum.
20. A man had a gunshot wound in his abdomen. The bullet passed through his anterior
body and lodged inside the transverse colon. What layers did the bullet pass through to
arrive at the location?
1) parietal peritoneum
2) visceral peritoneum
A. 1, 2
B. 1, 2, 1, 2
C. 1, 2, 2, 1
D. 1, 2, 2, 2
E. 2, 1, 1, 1
21. Which of the following attaches the liver to the anterior abdominal wall?
A. greater omentum
B. lesser omentum
C. transverse mesocolon
D. falciform ligament
E. round ligament
22. Saliva
A. is produced only when there is food in the mouth.
B. increases ulceration in the mouth.
C. is responsible for peristalsis in the mouth.
D. moistens food and begins starch digestion in the mouth.
E. does not prevent bacterial infection in the mouth.
23. The oral cavity
A. opens into the nasopharynx.
B. directly connects with the esophagus.
C. contains the parotid salivary glands.
D. has boundaries that include the lips, palate and cheeks.
E. is lined with cuboidal epithelium.
24. The lips, cheek, and tongue all aid in
A. speech and swallowing.
B. mastication, speech, and swallowing.
C. mastication and swallowing.
D. mastication and sense of taste.
E. deglutition and peristalsis.
25. The tongue
A. secretes saliva.
B. plays a major role in swallowing.
C. contains a lot of connective and lymphatic tissues.
D. is attached to the hard palate.
E. functions in deglutition apnea.
26. Which of the following is associated with the tongue?
A. uvula
B. constrictor muscles
C. papillae and taste buds
D. periodontal ligament
E. fauces
27. Which of the following would inhibit normal movements of the tongue?
A. swollen lips
B. lingual frenulum extending to tip of tongue
C. decrease in number of taste buds
D. loss of all teeth
E. swollen tonsils
28. Lipid-soluble drugs placed under the tongue
A. are more easily swallowed.
B. can be detected by taste buds.
C. are quickly dissolved and absorbed.
D. are then easy to chew.
E. are not readily absorbed.
29. Which of the following pairs is mismatched?
A. crown - enamel
B. root - root canal
C. alveoli - periodontal ligament
D. pulp cavity - cementum
E. apical foramen - blood supply
30. Teeth in adults
A. are replaced by osteoblast activity if they are extracted.
B. are distributed so that there is one canine tooth in each half jaw.
C. are all of the same type - molars.
D. are composed of living cells called enamel cells.
E. do not play a role in speech.
31. The ____ helps hold a tooth in its socket.
A. crown
B. cementum
C. periodontal ligament
D. dental arch
E. alveoli
32. Food is prevented from entering the nasal cavity during swallowing by the
A. epiglottis.
B. palatine tonsils.
C. tongue.
D. soft palate.
E. hard palate.
33. The salivary glands that open into the oral cavity beside the frenulum of the tongue
are the
A. parotid glands.
B. sublingual glands.
C. buccal glands.
D. labial glands.
E. lacrimal glands.
34. The salivary glands located just anterior to the ear are the
A. parotid glands.
B. submandibular glands.
C. buccal glands.
D. labial glands.
E. sublingual glands.
35. Which of the following components of saliva is mismatched with its function?
A. mucin - lubricant
B. lysozyme - antibacterial properties
C. salivary amylase - digestive enzyme
D. IgA - increases ulceration in the mouth
E. salivary amylase - breaks covalent bonds in glucose
36. The digestive functions performed by saliva and salivary amylase respectively are
A. flushing and protein digestion.
B. swallowing and fat digestion.
C. peristalsis and polysaccharide digestion.
D. moistening and starch digestion.
E. None of these choices is correct.
37. Salivary gland secretion is primarily controlled by the
A. facial and glossopharyngeal nerves.
B. vagus nerve.
C. taste centers of the medulla.
D. intercostal nerves.
E. trigeminal nerve.
38. Mastication
A. increases the surface area of food particles.
B. decreases the efficiency of digestion.
C. occurs in both the mouth and stomach.
D. is never under voluntary control.
E. decreases the surface area of food particles.
39. Which of the following statements regarding swallowing is true?
A. The voluntary phase begins in the pharynx.
B. In the pharyngeal phase, food is moved through the pharynx.
C. The uvula rises during the esophageal phase.
D. Peristalsis occurs in all phases of swallowing.
E. Breathing occurs during swallowing.
40. Which of the following might happen if a person begins laughing while swallowing a
liquid?
A. laryngeal constriction forcing liquid through the pharynx
B. relaxation of the soft palate allowing liquid to enter the nasal cavity
C. the tongue might be swallowed
D. nothing - swallowing will be normal
E. peristalsis will not begin
41. The portion of the digestive tract that receives food directly from the oral cavity is
the
A. nasopharynx.
B. oropharynx.
C. laryngopharynx.
D. esophagus.
E. larynx.
42. The esophagus
A. extends from the fauces to the stomach.
B. has cartilage in its walls to keep it from collapsing.
C. produces two enzymes that digest proteins.
D. has upper and lower sphincters to regulate movement of food.
E. has thin walls of connective tissue.
43. Which of the following cell types is correctly matched with its function?
A. mucous cells - produce intrinsic factor
B. parietal cells - produce hydrochloric acid
C. chief cells - produce mucous
D. endocrine cells - produce enzymes
E. chief cells - produce hormones
44. Which of the following regions of the stomach is correctly matched with its
description?
A. body - portion closest to the esophagus
B. pylorus - the most inferior portion of the stomach
C. fundus - opening from the stomach into the duodenum
D. cardiac region - the largest portion of the stomach
E. pyloric opening - opening from the esophagus
45. When part of the stomach extends through the diaphragm into the thoracic cavity,
this condition is called
A. esophagitis.
B. an ulcer.
C. a hiatal hernia.
D. pyloric stenosis.
E. pyrosis.
46. Inflammation of the stomach mucosa in the area superior to the pyloric sphincter is
most appropriately referred to as
A. esophagitis.
B. a duodenal ulcer.
C. a hiatal hernia.
D. gastric ulcer.
E. indigestion.
47. Reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus occurs because of
A. relaxation of the cardiac sphincter.
B. contraction of the pyloric sphincter.
C. spasms of the submucosal layer of the stomach wall.
D. increased hydrochloric acid production by the parietal cells.
E. increased amounts of mucous produced by the stomach.
48. Inability of the pyloric sphincter to open would prevent
A. food from entering the stomach.
B. stomach acid from being released.
C. digestive enzymes from being released.
D. food from entering the small intestine.
E. the making of chyme.
49. Which of the following are secreted by the stomach?
A. amylase and lipase
B. pepsinogen and intrinsic factor
C. bile and lipase
D. trypsin and amylase
E. bicarbonate and secretin
50. Which of the following represents a mismatch in stomach wall structure?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
muscularis - two layers; both circular
rugae - folds of mucosa and submucosa
mucosa - gastric glands
gastric pits - open onto surface of stomach mucosa
lining - simple columnar epithelium
51. Why doesn't the stomach digest itself?
A. The stomach wall lacks proteins so enzymes won't attack it.
B. The digestive enzymes in the stomach aren't efficient enough.
C. The stomach lining is too tough to be digested.
D. The stomach wall is protected by large amounts of mucus.
E. The stomach is protected by HCl.
52. Intrinsic factor
A. increases gastric motility.
B. causes the release of stomach acid.
C. facilitates the absorption of vitamin B12.
D. protects the stomach lining from the effects of stomach acid.
E. stimulates the synthesis of DNA.
53. Which of the following events occurs because of the low pH of the stomach?
A. activation of salivary amylase
B. enhanced carbohydrate digestion
C. proper environment for functioning of pepsin
D. protein synthesis
E. lipid digestion
54. The formation of HCl in the stomach involves the
A. active transport of hydrogen ions from parietal cells into the lumen of the
stomach.
B. exchange of sodium ions for hydrogen ions in the transport process.
C. active transport of chloride ions from parietal cells into the lumen of the stomach.
D. exchange of sodium and bicarbonate ions.
E. the combination of carbon dioxide and water.
55. Assume we could alter the conditions in the duodenum. If we inserted a large volume
of highly acidic chyme which contained a large amount of fat, which of the following
responses are consistent with that?
1) decreased gastric acid secretion
2) increased bile production
3) increased pancreatic bicarbonate production and pancreatic enzyme
secretion
4) increased secretin and cholecystokinin
A. 1, 2, 3, 4
B. 1, 2, 3
C. 2, 3, 4
D. 1, 3, 4
E. 1, 2, 4
56. Pepsinogen
A. is secreted by parietal cells.
B. is activated by salivary amylase in swallowed food.
C. is packaged in zymogen granules.
D. operates optimally at a pH of 5 or more.
E. helps to form peptide bonds.
57. Anticipation of eating food causes an increase in secretion of gastric juice. This phase
of gastric secretion is called the _____ phase.
A. cephalic
B. gastric
C. intestinal
D. pancreatic
E. conscious
58. The gastric phase of gastric secretion
A. decreases the release of gastrin in the stomach.
B. is triggered by taste, sight, thought, or smell of food.
C. is mediated by impulses on sympathetic nerves.
D. leads to the greatest volume of gastric secretion.
E. leads to the least volume of gastric secretion.
59. The distention of the stomach by food is the primary stimulus to begin the
A. cephalic phase of gastric secretion.
B. gastric phase of gastric secretion.
C. intestinal phase of gastric secretion.
D. cystic phase of gastric secretion.
E. hepatic phase of gastric secretion.
60. The intestinal phase of gastric secretion
A. is controlled by the entrance of acidic chyme into the duodenum.
B. leads to increased gastric secretion if duodenal pH falls below 2.
C. only stimulates gastric secretion.
D. will decrease gastric secretion when gastrin is released by the duodenum.
E. is controlled by the entrance of alkaline material into the small intestines.
61. Which of the following would inhibit both gastric secretion and gastric motility?
A. vagal stimulation and gastrin
B. chewing and swallowing food
C. gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)
D. gastrin and cholecystokinin (CCK)
E. large amounts of fiber in the diet
62. Which of the following would stimulate gastric secretion?
A. acidic chyme in duodenum
B. secretin
C. gastrin
D. cholecystokinin
E. pepsin
63. Fatty acids and certain lipids in the duodenum initiate the release of
A. secretin and gastrin.
B. gastric inhibitory peptide and cholecystokinin (CCK).
C. gastrin and gastric inhibitory peptide.
D. somatomedin and GIP.
E. insulin and glucagon.
64. The enterogastric reflex can be triggered by
A. distention of the duodenal wall.
B. the presence of food in the stomach.
C. increased pH in the duodenum.
D. the cerebral cortex.
E. the hormone secretin.
65. Food in the stomach is squeezed and mixed with gastric juices, forming a semiliquid
called
A. bolusin.
B. chyme.
C. bile.
D. phlegm.
E. feces.
66. The pyloric pump
A. mixes stomach contents for digestion.
B. causes hunger contractions.
C. moves chyme through a partially closed pyloric opening.
D. causes rugae to flatten.
E. opens the pyloric sphincter completely.
67. Duodenal gland secretion prevents
A. digestive enzyme release.
B. release of bile from the liver.
C. irritation of the duodenal mucosa by acidic chyme and digestive enzymes.
D. the release of insulin.
E. peristalsis.
68. Gastritis, peptic ulcers and gastric cancer can all be caused by
A. Helicobacter pylori, a bacterium.
B. increased secretion of gastric bicarbonate.
C. pH of the stomach contents continuously greater than 4.
D. increased mucus production by the neck cells.
E. None of these choices is correct.
69. Enzymes secreted by the small intestine include
A. disaccharidases.
B. secretin.
C. cholecystokinin.
D. bile.
E. histamine.
70. The villi, microvilli and plicae circularis function to
A. liberate hormones.
B. promote peristalsis.
C. produce bile.
D. increase surface area for absorption.
E. stimulate chemical digestion.
71. The hepatopancreatic ampulla is formed by the union of the
A. pancreatic duct with the lacteals.
B. greater duodenal papilla with the lesser duodenal papilla.
C. common bile duct and pancreatic duct.
D. cystic duct and interlobular duct.
E. hepatic ducts and cystic ducts.
72. Which layer of the small intestine wall contains cells with microvilli?
A. submucosa
B. mucosa
C. muscularis
D. serosa
E. adventitia
73. What portion of the small intestine is most distal from the pylorus of the stomach?
A. jejunum
B. duodenum
C. ileum
D. common bile duct
E. hepatopancreatic ampulla
74. Which of the following cell types is correctly matched with its function?
A. endocrine cells - produce mucus
B. absorptive cells - produce digestive enzymes
C. granular cells - absorb nutrients
D. goblet cells - produce hormones
E. granular cells - produce granules
75. Blockage of the ileocecal valve would prevent
A. pancreatic juice from entering the duodenum.
B. bile from entering the duodenum.
C. lymph from entering the jejunum.
D. chyme from entering the ileum.
E. chyme from entering the large intestine.
76. The gallbladder
A. produces bile.
B. is attached to the pancreas.
C. stores bile.
D. produces secretin.
E. breaks down red blood cells.
77. The pancreatic islets
A. are found in the wall of the stomach.
B. excrete mucus.
C. produce digestive enzymes.
D. are exocrine glands.
E. are endocrine glands.
78. Which of the following statements regarding the pancreas is true?
A. The head of the pancreas lies in the curvature of the ileum.
B. The pancreatic duct carries both enzymes and hormones.
C. The pancreatic acinar cells secrete digestive enzymes.
D. The pancreas assists the stomach in the absorption of digested food.
E. The pancreas digests sugar.
79. Bile would flow directly from the
A. gallbladder into the hepatic duct.
B. hepatic ducts into the common hepatic duct.
C. bile canaliculus into the cystic duct.
D. common bile duct into the gallbladder.
E. cystic duct into the hepatic ducts.
80. Arrange the ducts in the order that bile would pass through them when moving from
the bile canaliculi to the small intestine without being stored in the gallbladder.
1) common bile duct
2) common hepatic duct
3) cystic duct
4) left and right hepatic ducts
A. 3, 4, 2
B. 3, 2, 1
C. 4, 2, 1
D. 4, 1, 2
E. 1, 4, 2
81. The liver
A. has two major lobes - caudate and quadrate.
B. is located on the superior surface of the diaphragm.
C. is not vascular.
D. is located in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen.
E. consists of two major lobes and two minor lobes.
82. Nutrient-rich blood from the digestive tract comes to the liver by way of the
A. hepatic artery.
B. hepatic portal vein.
C. hepatic vein.
D. inferior vena cava.
E. celiac trunk.
83. Which of the following is a function of the hepatocytes?
A. produce digestive enzymes
B. synthesize hormones
C. produce hydrochloric acid
D. synthesize bile
E. regulate pH
84. An organ is described as follows: cords of cells radiating outward from a central vein
with sinusoids between the cords of cells. The organ having this histological structure is
the
A. pancreas.
B. spleen.
C. liver.
D. stomach.
E. gall bladder.
85. The hepatic sinusoids
A. transport bile.
B. have phagocytic cells in their lining.
C. are part of the portal triad.
D. connect to the gallbladder.
E. do not have a function.
86. Bile is produced by cells of the
A. duodenum.
B. liver.
C. gallbladder.
D. pancreas.
E. hepatopancreatic ampulla.
87. Damage to the liver would hamper digestion of
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
carbohydrates.
lipids.
proteins.
disaccharides.
All of these choices are correct.
88. The liver
A. produces secretions that help neutralize stomach acids and emulsify fats.
B. produces several digestive enzymes.
C. stores vitamin C.
D. receives oxygenated blood from the portal vein.
E. can not synthesize new molecules.
89. Bile secretion is
A. performed continuously by the liver.
B. is stimulated by sympathetic nerves.
C. is stimulated by decreased amounts of bile salts.
D. stimulated by increased vitamin B12 storage.
E. controlled by the gallbladder.
90. Bile
A. digests proteins in the small intestine.
B. emulsifies fats in the small intestine.
C. is made by the gallbladder and stored by the liver.
D. activates trypsin in the small intestine.
E. activates the pancreas.
91. Functions of the liver include
A. production of many blood proteins.
B. interconversion of nutrients.
C. detoxification of harmful chemicals.
D. bile production.
E. All of these choices are correct.
92. Hepatocytes
A. phagocytize cells.
B. form phospholipids and hydroxylate vitamin D.
C. convert ammonia to urea.
D. remove sugar from the blood and store is as glycogen.
E. All of these choices are correct.
93. Which of the following structures has both endocrine and exocrine tissue?
A. colon
B. liver
C. pancreas
D. gallbladder
E. spleen
94. Arrange the following structures in order from the small intestine to the rectum.
1) ascending colon
2) descending colon
3) sigmoid colon
4) transverse colon
A. 1, 2, 3, 4
B. 1, 4, 2, 3
C. 2, 3, 1, 4
D. 2, 4, 1, 3
E. 1, 4, 3, 2
95. Which of the following is located closest to the rectum?
A. ascending colon
B. descending colon
C. transverse colon
D. sigmoid colon
E. cecum
96. A blockage in the colon where the ascending colon turns to become the transverse
colon would occur at the
A. ileocecal valve.
B. hepatic flexure.
C. splenic flexure.
D. cardiac sphincter.
E. gastric flexure.
97. The longitudinal layer of smooth muscle in the large intestinal wall forms three bands
called the
A. teniae coli.
B. haustra.
C. coli longitudini.
D. epiploic appendages.
E. rugae.
98. The major secretion of the large intestine is
A. bile.
B. hormones.
C. mucus.
D. vitamins.
E. bacteria.
99. The anal canal
A. begins at the sigmoid colon and ends at the rectum.
B. has an internal sphincter composed of smooth muscle.
C. contains many goblet cells.
D. contains tubular glands called crypts.
E. has an external sphincter composed of smooth muscle.
100. Which of the following apply to the small intestine?
A. Secretions from the liver and pancreas enter this organ.
B. Segmentation contractions occur in this organ.
C. Both digestion and absorption occur in this organ.
D. Mixing and propulsion of chyme.
E. All of these choices apply to the small intestine.