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Schema focused therapy or schema therapy aims to meet core emotional needs. This approach is very helpful for addressing problems which originate from childhood. Schema therapy is about enabling people to understand life long patterns that feel harmful in order to bring about change. Schema therapy identifies the repetitions of behavioural and emotional experiences as lifetraps or ‘schemas’ which serve to reinforce beliefs about ourselves from early life. Some of the schemas that might be addressed in therapy could be patterns which are self defeating such as being unloveable or that ‘people I love will leave me’ or ‘it is impossible to get my needs met’ to describe but a few. This therapy aims to look at ways that schema are maintained by the coping strategies that people use with a view to finding healthier ways of expressing emotional needs and challenge negative thought patterns. The Schema focused approach combines aspects of cognitive-behavioral, experiential, interpersonal and psychoanalytic therapies. The assessment process for schema focused therapy involves an in-depth assessment and open ended treatment which can be adapted according to the individual needs of the client. Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) relies on evidence based practice to generate knowledge in relation to a wide range of psychological problems that people might experience. The CBT approach encourages a collaborative relationship between the client and therapist where both are able to speak openly about the aims of the therapy, the therapeutic relationship and the nature of the problem. The therapist endeavours to think carefully with the client about the ways in which thoughts, feelings and behaviour are maintaining the problem and what might need to change in this cycle to alleviate distress. This therapy model focuses predominantly on the here and now but recognises the influence of past events in shaping the individual’s problem. Once a shared understanding of the problem has been established between the client and therapist, this enables the forming of goals and strategies to bring about the desired change, these are regularly reviewed. Clients often describe this therapy as empowering because it is practical but relies on their self knowledge and expertise to make sense of the meaning of events and develop resources to change. CBT can be used in relation to individuals, couples or families and groups. Interpersonal Psychotherapy (IPT) aims to help the client to develop skills to manage their relationship difficulties by making sense of how they might act in relationships. The premise of this approach is that when an individual’s relationships improve, so do their psychological problems. Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) is a cognitive behavioural treatment that was originally developed to treat chronically suicidal individuals diagnosed with borderline personality disorder (BPD) and it is now recognized as the gold standard psychological treatment for this population. In addition, research has shown that it is effective in treating a wide range of other disorders such as substance dependence, depression, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and eating disorders. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) is a psychological therapy designed to aid in preventing the relapse of depression, specifically in individuals with Major depressive disorder (MDD). It uses traditional Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) methods and adds in newer psychological strategies such as mindfulness and mindfulness meditation. Cognitive methods can include educating the participant about depression. Mindfulness and mindfulness meditation, focus on becoming aware of all incoming thoughts and feelings and accepting them, but not attaching or reacting to them. Like CBT, MBCT functions on the theory that when individuals who have historically had depression become distressed, they return to automatic cognitive processes that can trigger a depressive episode. The goal of MBCT is to interrupt these automatic processes and teach the participants to focus less on reacting to incoming stimuli, and instead accepting and observing them without judgment. This mindfulness practice allows the participant to notice when automatic processes are occurring and to alter their reaction to be more of a reflection. Acceptance and commitment therapy or ACT (typically pronounced as the word "act") is a form of clinical behaviour analysis (CBA) used in psychotherapy. It is an empirically-based psychological intervention that uses acceptance and mindfulness strategies mixed in different ways with commitment and behavior-change strategies, to increase psychological flexibility. The approach was originally called comprehensive distancing. It was developed in the late 1980s by Steven C. Hayes, Kelly G. Wilson, and Kirk Strosahl. Noam Shpancer describes acceptance and commitment therapy as getting to know unpleasant feelings, then learning not to act upon them, and to not avoid situations where they are invoked. Its therapeutic effect is according to him a positive spiral where feeling better leads to a better understanding of the truth. Behavioural activation is a third generation behaviour therapy for treating depression. It is one of many functional analytic psychotherapies which are based on a Skinnerian psychological model of behaviour change, generally referred to as applied behaviour analysis. This area is also a part of what is called clinical behaviour analysis (CBA) (see behaviour) and makes up one of the most effective practices in the professional practice of behaviour analysis. Exposure therapy is a technique in behaviour therapy intended to treat anxiety disorders. It involves the exposure of the patient to the feared object or context without any danger, in order to overcome their anxiety. Procedurally it is similar to the fear extinction paradigm in rodent work. Numerous studies have demonstrated its effectiveness in the treatment of anxiety disorders such as PTSD and specific phobias. Exposure-based therapy may be effective in preventing the progression from acute stress disorder to posttraumatic stress disorder, according to a report in the June 2008 issue of Archives of General Psychiatry. It is also very closely related to exposure and response prevention, a method widely used for the treatment of obsessive–compulsive disorder. Cognitive remediation therapy (CRT), also called cognitive enhancement therapy (CET), is a cognitive rehabilitation therapy developed at King's College in London designed to improve neurocognitive abilities such as attention, working memory, cognitive flexibility and planning, and executive functioning which leads to improved social functioning. In patients with schizophrenia, atypical antipsychotic medications have increased the effectiveness of symptom management, but patients may remain socially or cognitively disabled. CET is recommended for patients with schizophrenia who are stable with low risk of relapse. Also people with eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa are considered to be cognitively inflexible with their perspectives of food. In London, CRT was beneficial in the treatment of adults with anorexia nervosa, and in Poland among adolescents with anorexia nervosa. In the United States clinical trials are still being conducted by Stanford University in subjects over 16 as a conjunctive therapy with family based treatment. CRT has also been shown to be useful in both children and adults with ADHD, as well as for cognitive deficits associated with major depressive disorder CRT has also been used in a subset of pediatric cancer survivors who experienced cognitive impairment due to the effects of cancer or cancer treatment on cognitive functioning. Clinical trials have begun in 2010 in the United States by the National Institute of Health and the National Institute of Drug Abuse on the efficacy of cognitive remediation upon the cognitive deficits associated with drug abuse. CRT is usually administered via use of a computer, with the tasks appearing on the monitor. Autogenic training is a relaxation technique developed by the German psychiatrist Johannes Heinrich Schultz and first published in 1932. The technique involves the daily practice of sessions that last around 15 minutes, usually in the morning, at lunch time, and in the evening. During each session, the practitioner will repeat a set of visualisations that induce a state of relaxation. Each session can be practiced in a position chosen amongst a set of recommended postures (for example, lying down, sitting meditation, sitting like a rag doll). The technique can be used to alleviate many stress-induced psychosomatic disorders. EMDR therapy is recognized as an effective form of trauma treatment in numerous practice guidelines worldwide. In the US, this includes organizations such as the American Psychiatric Association and Department of Defence. More than twenty randomized studies support the effectiveness of the therapy in the treatment of PTSD. Further, more than twenty randomized studies have demonstrated positive effects of the eye movements. Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is a comprehensive, integrative psychotherapy approach. It contains elements of many effective psychotherapies in structured protocols that are designed to maximize treatment effects. These include psychodynamic, cognitive behavioural, interpersonal, experiential, and body-centred therapies. EMDR psychotherapy is an information processing therapy and uses an eight phase approach to address the experiential contributors of a wide range of pathologies. It attends to the past experiences that have set the groundwork for pathology, the current situations that trigger dysfunctional emotions, beliefs and sensations, and the positive experience needed to enhance future adaptive behaviours and mental health.