Download Unit 1 Lesson 2 The Skeletal and Muscular Systems Essential

Unit 1 Lesson 2 The Skeletal and Muscular Systems
Essential Question: How do your skeletal and
muscular systems work?
Key Terms p15 – Quiz Friday
Skeletal system Ligament
(Don’t forget L1:
Muscular system Tendon
Homeostasis)
Joint
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
What are the main functions of the skeletal
system?
Function of the
skeletal System
Support
Protection
Storage
Blood Cell
Production
Movement
Parts of the skeletal
system
Ligaments
Appendicular
Cartilage
Axial
Bones
What are the parts of the skeletal system?
Spongy
Marrow
Compact
Connective Tissue
Types of Bone
Minerals
What are bones made of?
How do Bones Grow?
Unit 1 Lesson 2 The Skeletal and Muscular Systems
P16-17
What’s Inside?
What are the main functions of the skeletal
system?
• A skeleton is a system of bones which are alive.
• The skeletal system is the organ system that supports and
protects the body and allows it to move.
• The skeletal system stores minerals and produces red blood
cells.
• Bones, like the ribcage and skull, provide protection for
organs like the heart and brain.
• Bones provide support for your body and make it possible to
stand and sit.
• Bones provide a place for muscles to attach.
• The muscles pull on bone and cause movement.
Unit 1 Lesson 2 The Skeletal and Muscular Systems
P16-17
What are the main functions of the
skeletal system?
• Marrow is a soft tissue at the center of bones. Red
marrow makes red and white blood cells.
• The hard outer layer of bone, called compact bone, stores
minerals such as calcium.
Unit 1 Lesson 2 The Skeletal and Muscular Systems
P18
No Bones About It!
What are the parts of the skeletal system?
• The skeletal system is
divided into two parts.
• The skull, vertebrae,
and ribs make up the
axial skeleton, which
supports and protects
the internal organs.
• The appendicular
skeleton includes the
arms, legs, shoulders,
and pelvis.
Unit 1 Lesson 2 The Skeletal and Muscular Systems
P18
What are the parts of the skeletal system?
• Bones are alive. They have a
blood supply and nerves.
• A ligament is the tough, flexible
strand of connective tissue that
holds bones together.
• Cartilage is a strong, flexible, and
smooth connective tissue found
at the end of bones that allows
them to move smoothly.
Unit 1 Lesson 2 The Skeletal and Muscular Systems
What are bones made of?
• Compact bone is dense and
hard, with no visible open
spaces.
• Spongy bone provides most
of the strength and support
for the bone. It has many
open spaces.
• Bones also contain marrow,
the soft tissue in the center
of bones.
• Calcium, the most plentiful
mineral in bones, is
deposited by bone cells
called osteoblasts.
P18
Unit 1 Lesson 2 The Skeletal and Muscular Systems
P18
What are bones made of?
• Connective tissue is made mostly of a protein called
collagen, which allows bones to be a bit flexible.
• Red marrow, at the center of flat bones, makes red and
white blood cells.
• Yellow marrow, at the center of long bones, stores fat.
v
What are the main functions of the skeletal system?
Function of the
skeletal System
Support
Allow to
Stand
upright
Allow to
move
Protection
Protect
major
organs
Ribs
protect
heart
Storage
Compact
bone
Stores
minerals
like
calcium
Blood Cell
Production
Movement
Red
Marrow –
flat bone
Place for
muscles
to attach
red and
white
blood cells
Muscles
pull on
bone to
move
Supports
body
weight
Protects
organs
Skull
Vertebrae
Ribs
Baby –
300
Adult 206
Bones
fuse as
we age
Tough,
flexible
Connective
tissue
Holds
bones
together
Prevent
too much
movement
Found at
the ends
of bones
Allows
smooth
movement
Appendicular
Allows for
movement
Arms
Legs
Shoulders
pelvis
Cartilage
Axial
Bones
Parts of the skeletal
system
Alive –
Blood
supply
&
nerves
Ligaments
What are the parts of the skeletal system?
Strong
Flexible
smooth
Connective
tissue
Dense
Rigid,
hard
Contain
blood
capillaries
Spongy
Many
open
spaces
Strength
and
support
Connective Tissue
Compact
Marrow
Types of Bone
Minerals
What are bones made of?
calcium
collagen
Red
Marrow –
platelets,
Blood cell
production
osteoblasts
Makes
bone
strong and
hard
Allows
for
flexibility
Red
Marrow –
center of
flat
bones
Yellow
Marrow –
center of
long bones
– stores fat
#9
P19
Spongy Bone
• Strength and Support
Compact Bone
• Makes bones rigid
Cartilage
• Allows bone to move smoothly past one
another
Ligament
• Hold bones together
• Allow movement
Unit 1 Lesson 2 The Skeletal and Muscular Systems
How do bones grow?
• Babies have cartilage
that is later replaced by
bone.
• Growth plates are
locations where long
bones lengthen.
• Osteocytes are bone
cells that move into
cartilage and harden it
into bone.
P19
Unit 1 Lesson 2 The Skeletal and Muscular Systems
Bone Connections
How are bones connected?
• A joint is the place where two or more bones
connect.
• Fixed joints are found in the skull and allow no
movement between bones. – Immovable joints
• Movable joints allow movement of the bones.
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Unit 1 Lesson 2 The Skeletal and Muscular Systems
How are bones connected?
• Ball and socket joints allow one of the bones to
rotate in a large circle. (hips & shoulders)
• Gliding joints allow flexibility in
the wrist and ankles.
• Hinge joints allow
bones to move back and
forth. (knee and elbow)
Unit 1 Lesson 2 The Skeletal and Muscular Systems
How are bones connected?
Movable and Immovable Joints
Joint
Hinge
Ball and
Socket
Pivot
Gliding
Fixed
Kind of Motion
Where it is found
Back and Forth
Knee & Elbow
360 degrees
Circle
Shoulder & Hip
Rotate one bone over
another
Top of neck
Arm (Radius and Ulna)
Many directions
Wrist & Ankle
Vertebrae
Not Movable
Skull
Functions of the Muscular System
 Allow the body to
move and be flexible
 Pump blood through
your body
 Enable you to breathe
 Hold you upright
 Allow you to move –
by contracting and
relaxing
Two Types of Muscles
1) Voluntary
2) Involuntary
Three Types of Muscle Tissue
1) Smooth Muscle
– Inside internal organs &
blood vessels
– Involuntary
2) Cardiac Muscle
–
–
–
–
Found only in the heart
Contain many mitochondria
Involuntary
Striated
3) Skeletal Muscle
– Striated
– Attached to skeleton by
tendons
– Voluntary
Types of Muscles
Unit 1 Lesson 2 The Skeletal and Muscular Systems
What are the three types of muscles?
• Most skeletal muscles work in pairs around a joint.
• The flexor bends the joint.
• The extensor straightens the joint.
• As one muscle contracts, the other muscle relaxes.
A closer look at muscles
Analyze the results:
13) The flexor and extensor muscles work together to provide movement.
One contracts while the other relaxes to allow for movement.
Throughout the body, pairs of muscles work this way to provide
movement.
14) Tendons attach the muscles to bones so that when the muscle moves,
the bones move. Ligaments holds two bones together to form a joint
where the bone can move.
15) The human muscles of the arm are similar to the chicken muscles in
that they work in pairs to provide movement.
16) The muscular system would not be able to function if there was not a
tissue that would attach the muscles to the bones of the skeletal system
to allow for movement.
17) If organs do not function properly then the organ system does not
function properly. If organs of the muscular system do not function
properly then movement for the organism would be affected. The
organism may not be able to move at all or parts of the body may not be
able to move correctly, if at all.
Unit 1 Lesson 2 The Skeletal and Muscular Systems
What are some injuries and disorders
of the skeletal system?
• Fractures are bones that
are broken.
•Sprains are injuries to a
ligament caused by
stretching a joint too far.
Unit 1 Lesson 2 The Skeletal and Muscular Systems
What are some injuries and disorders
of the skeletal system?
• Osteoporosis is a disease
that causes bone to
become thin and weak.
•Arthritis is a disease that
causes joints to stiffen,
swell, and become painful.
Sometimes the joint
becomes misshapened.
Injuries and disorders of the
Muscular System
Common Muscular System Injuries:
 Muscle Strain and Tears
 Muscle is overstretched or torn. Causes muscles tissue to swell and
is painful
 Caused when muscles have not been stretched properly or are
overworked.
 Muscular Dystrophy
 hereditary disease that causes skeletal muscles to become weaker
over time.
 Affects how muscle proteins form
 Poor balance and difficulty walking
 Tendinitis
 Tendons become inflamed or torn with overuse
Unit 1 Lesson 2 The Skeletal and Muscular Systems
What are some benefits of exercise?
Increases endurance – allow muscles to contract for a longer
time without getting tired.
Increase strength – building skeletal muscle and increasing
muscle power.
Increase flexibility – can help prevent ligament, tendon, and
muscle injuries.
Helps keep your heart , blood vessels, lungs, and bones
healthy.
Reduces stress, helps you sleep well, and makes you feel good
(endorphins)
People should get 30 to 60 minutes of exercise a day
Unit 1 Lesson 2 The Skeletal and Muscular Systems
Anaerobic
Muscles cells
contract without
using oxygen
Resistance training:
Involve bursts of
intense effort
Lifting weights
Pushups
Pull-ups
Aerobic
Muscles cells use oxygen
when contracting
Endurance Exercises:
Involves extended
periods of movement
Walking
Jogging
Bicycling
Skating
Swimming
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company