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Mr. Judd Name_________________ Ch. Cold War Begins 1945-1962, 1965-75 Ch.155 The Industrialization Content Standards: American History 24. The United States followed a policy of containment during the Cold War in response to the spread of communism. 25. The Second Red Scare and McCarthyism reflected Cold War fears in American society. 26. The Cold War and conflicts in Korea and Vietnam influenced domestic and international politics. After the Axis Powers were defeated in World War II, the differences between the United States and the Soviet Union came to the front. Stalin still feared the capitalist West, and Western leaders still had a great fear of communism. Throw in the fact that both sides had atomic weapons by 1949 and it should not surprise us that the two countries were headed for a showdown. From the end of World War II until 1989, the United States and the Soviet Union will be involved in a war, not a direct or physical one, but one of ideas and beliefs. This was called the Cold War. Below are two major conferences that occurred at the end of World War II that set the stage for future conflict between the United States and the Soviet Union. Read pages 532 and 537 in the text and fill in the chart. Yalta Conference (Feb. 1945) Potsdam Conference (July 1945) Who are the three gentlemen in the above photograph (left to right)? Pg. 533 Who are the three gentlemen in the above photograph (left to right)? What did the Allies promise the people of Europe with the Declaration of Liberated Europe? Please be specific. Pg. 533 What difference of opinion did the Allies have on German reparations and industry? Pg. 536-37 What did the Allies agree to do with Germany? Berlin? Pg. 533 What interesting and “explosive” information did Truman receive while in Potsdam? Pg. 537 Roots of the Cold War: “Ideas” (Ideological Differences) 2 Complete each sentence in the table by trying to explain how this idea could be defended (you don’t necessarily have to believe in it!) Soviet Communism Equality of Outcome U.S. and Western Democracies Equality of Opportunity Rich people should be forced to share their wealth with those less fortunate, because…. People should be free to earn as much (or as little) money as they are able, because… Nationalization Privatization Factories and other property should be owned by the people on behalf of all the people, because… Factories and other property should be owned by individuals and companies, because… Dictatorship Democracy Voter should be allowed to choose between communist candidates, because… Voters should be able to choose anyone of any party, because… Censorship Free Press The press should never criticize a communist government, because… The press should be free to criticize the government, because… Social Conformity Social Non-Conformity Individuality should never be promoted, because…. Individuality should be encouraged among people in society, because… Money Economic System Property Elections Political System Press Individual Rights Social Mobility Cold War: Superpowers Face Off 3 As you read Ch. 15 in the textbook, take bullet point notes to explain how each of the following actions or policies led to conflict between the United States and the Soviet Union. 1. Truman Doctrine (Pg. 539) 2. Marshall Plan (Pg. 540) 3. Policy of Containment (Pg. 538) 4. Blockade of Berlin/Berlin Airlift (Pg. 540) 5. Formation of North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) (Pg. 541) 6. Soviets Go Nuclear (Pg. 552) 7. The U-2 Incident (Pgs. 558-59) 8. The Berlin Wall Goes Up (Pg. 606) Launching of Sputnik (Pg. 556) Europe During the Cold War 4 Label the countries correctly and use the key provided to color code the countries NATO or Warsaw Pact. Also label the Iron Curtain. Use the maps on Pg. 533 and Pg. 541 for help. See Pg. 533 & Pg. 606 in text to answer the following question. Q. What events in Berlin led to the construction of the Berlin Wall? See the inserted map of Berlin and outline the Berlin Wall where you think it belongs. __________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________ A New Red Scare: The Hunt for Spies During the 1950’s, thousands of ordinary people- from teachers to autoworkers to high government officials- shared a disturbing experience. Rumors and accusations of Communists in the United States and of Communist infiltration of the government tapped into fears that Communists were trying to take over the world. The Red Scare began in September 1945, when a clerk named Igor Gouzenko walked out of the Soviet Embassy in Ottawa, Canada, and defected. Gouzenko carried documents revealing a massive effort by the Soviet Union to infiltrate organizations and government agencies in Canada and the United States, with the specific goal of obtaining information about the atomic bomb. The Gouzenko case stunned Americans. It implied that spies had infiltrated the American government. Soon, however, the search for spies escalated into a general fear of Communist subversion. Subversion is the effort to weaken a society secretly and overthrow its government. 5 Sen. Joseph McCarthy Questions: 1. What was the Loyalty Review Program (LRP)? Pg. 546 2. What type of activities might make you a suspect of the LRP? Pg. 546 3. Why was the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) formed? Pg. 547 4. One of the first targets of the HUAC was Hollywood. Who were the “Hollywood Ten?” Pgs. 547-48 5. HUAC also went after Alger Hiss. What was Hiss accused of and what “hidden” evidence did him in? Pg. 548 6. What was the Rosenberg’s accused of? What happened to them? Pg. 548 7. How did Senator Joseph McCarthy cause a panic in America in February of 1950? Pg. 549 Political Cartoon Analysis : McCarthyism 6 In the aftermath of World War II, Americans reacted with dismay as relations between the United States and the Soviet Union deteriorated, the Russians imposed communist control over much of Eastern Europe, and China was on the verge of going communist. People worried that communists might try to subvert schools, labor unions, and other institutions. Government agencies and private groups began to look for evidence of subversive activity. In this climate of fear and suspicion, the House Committee on Un-American Activities, which famous political cartoonist Herb Block had opposed since its inception in the 1930s, became active. And in 1950, a young senator from Wisconsin, Joseph McCarthy, seeking political gain, began a well-publicized campaign using smear tactics, bullying and innuendo to identify and purge communists and "fellow travelers" in government. Herb Block recognized the danger to civil liberties posed by such activities and warned of them in his work. He coined the phrase "McCarthyism" in his cartoon for March 29, 1950, naming the era just weeks after Senator McCarthy's spectacular pronouncement that he had in his hand a list of communists in the State Department. His accusations became headline news, vaulting him into the national political spotlight. For four years McCarthy attacked communism, while in his cartoons Herb Block relentlessly attacked his heavy-handed tactics. In June 1954, McCarthy was censured and in December condemned by the Senate. What is the message? What is the message? ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ Proxy Wars 7 Proxy War- (1) a war in which the powers in conflict use third parties as substitutes instead of fighting each other directly. (2) A war instigated by a major power which does not itself become involved. Korea List the series of events that transpired in this country between the United States and the Soviet Union. How was the conflict resolved? Provide details. After the dust settled, what was the “fall out” of this conflict? 1945- The Soviet Union and the U.S. agreed to divide Korea into two zones at the 38th parallel. As U.S.-Soviet relations grew worse, two separate governments emerged in Korea-Communist in the north and antiCommunists in the south. 1950- Communist North Korea invades South Korea. The U.S. (and other UN nations) sends troops to repel the invasion. 1953- An armistice (seize fire) was signed. The 38th parallel remained, and remains today, the boundary line between North Korea and South Korea. The Korean War confirmed U.S. fears of communist expansion. U.S. adopts a policy of massive retaliation- any Soviet advance would be met with nuclear bombs. U.S. military alliances were extended around the world. Cuba Vietnam The Cuban Missile Crisis 8 During the administration of John F. Kennedy, the Cold War confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union reached frightening levels. In 1959 a left-wing revolutionary named Fidel Castro overthrew the Cuban dictator Fulgencio Batista and set up a Soviet-supported totalitarian regime in Cuba. Having a socialist regime with Communist contacts so close to the mainland was considered to be a threat to the security of the United States. President Kennedy feared that if he moved openly against Castro, then the Soviets might retaliate by moving against Berlin. As a result, the stage might be set for the two superpowers to engage in a nuclear war. For months, Kennedy considered alternatives. He finally approved a plan that the CIA had proposed. Exiled Cuban fighters would invade Cuba at the Bay of Pigs. The purpose of the invasion was to cause a revolt against Castro. The invasion, which began on Sunday, April 16, 1961, was a disaster. By Wednesday, the exiled fighters began surrendering. One hundred and fourteen died; the rest were captured by Castro’s troops. After the Bay of Pigs, the Soviet Union sent advisers to Cuba. In 1962 Khrushchev began to place nuclear missiles in Cuba, which were meant to counteract U.S. nuclear weapons placed in Turkey. Khrushchev said: “Your rockets are stationed in Turkey. You are worried over Cuba… because it lies at a distance of 90 miles across the sea from the shores of the United States. However, Turkey lies next to us.” The United States was not willing to allow nuclear weapons within such close striking distance of its mainland. In October 1962, Kennedy found out Soviet ships carrying missiles were heading to Cuba. He decided to blockade Cuba to prevent the fleet from reaching its destination. This approach gave each side time to find a peaceful solution. Khrushchev agreed to turn back the fleet and remove Soviet missiles from Cuba if Kennedy pledged not invade Cuba and remove missiles from Turkey. The Cuban missile crisis seemed to bring the world frighteningly close to nuclear war. Indeed, in 1992 a high ranking Soviet officer revealed that short-range rockets armed with nuclear devices would have been used against U.S. troops if the United States had invaded Cuba, an option that Kennedy fortunately had rejected. The realization that the world might have been destroyed in a few days had a profound influence on both sides. A hotline communications system between Moscow and Washington, D.C., was installed in 1963. The two superpowers could now communicate quickly in times of crisis. The Vietnam War 9 By 1963, the United States had been drawn into a new struggle that had an important impact on the Cold War-the Vietnam War. After World War II, most states in Southeast Asia gained independence from their colonial rulers. The Philippines became independent of the United States in 1946. Great Britain also ended its colonial rule in Southeast Asia. France refused, however, to let go of Indochina. This led to a long war in Vietnam. Leading the struggle against French colonial rule was the local Communist Party, headed by Ho Chi Minh. In August 1945, the Vietminh, an alliance of forces under Communist leadership, seized power throughout most of Vietnam. Ho Chi Minh was elected president of a new republic in Hanoi. Refusing to accept the new government, France seized the southern part of the country. For years, France fought Ho Chi Minh’s Vietminh for control of Vietnam without success. In 1954, after a huge defeat at Dien Bien Phu, France agreed to sign the Geneva Peace Accords. Because of the Korean War, China and the Soviet Union wanted to avoid another conflict with the United States. They pressured Vietnam to agree to a temporary partition of Vietnam. This was meant to save French pride and satisfy the Americans. Vietnam was divided into two parts. In the north were the Communists, based in Hanoi; in the south, the noncommunists, based in Saigon. Both sides agreed to hold elections in two years to create a single government. Instead, the conflict continued, and Vietnam soon became part of the Cold War. The United States, opposed to the spread of communism, aided South Vietnam under nationalist leader Ngo Dinh Diem, In spite of this aid, the Viet Cong, South Vietnamese Communist guerrillas supported by north Vietnam, were on the verge of seizing control of the entire country by early 1965. Their forces also received military aid from China. In March 1965, President Johnson sent troops to South Vietnam to keep the Communist regime of North Vietnam from gaining control of South Vietnam. U.S. policy makers saw the conflict in terms of a domino theory concerning the spread of communism. If the Communists succeeded in South Vietnam, the argument went, all the other countries in Asia that were freeing themselves from colonial domination would likewise fall (like dominoes) to communism. North Vietnam responded to the American troops by sending more forces into the south. Despite the massive superiority in equipment and firepower of the American forces, the United States failed to defeat the North Vietnamese. The growing number of American troops in Vietnam soon produced an antiwar movement in the United States, especially among college students of draft age. The mounting destruction of the conflict, seen on television, also turned public opinion against the war. President Johnson, condemned for his handling of the costly and indecisive war, decided not to run for reelection. Former vice president Richard M. Nixon won the election with his pledge to stop the war and bring the American people together. Finally, in 1973, President Nixon reached an agreement with North Vietnam in the Paris Peace Accords that allowed the United States to withdraw its forces. Within two years after the American withdrawal, Communist armies from the North had forcibly reunited Vietnam. Document Based Questions 10 Document 1 Document 1 Questions 1. Who are the two characters in this cartoon? 2. What appears to be going on in this cartoon? What is interesting about the man’s teeth? 3. Look at the caption of the cartoon. What point is the cartoonist making about the Cuban Missile Crisis? Document 2 The threat of nuclear war was obvious in the Cuban missile crisis of 1962. This excerpt, from President John F. Kennedy's speech to the American people, explains the U.S. position. …We have unmistakable evidence that a series of offensive missile sites is now being built on that island... Cuba has been made into an important strategic base by the presence of these long-range offensive weapons of sudden mass destruction. This is an open threat to the peace and security of all the Americas. Our objective must be to prevent the use of these missiles against this or any other country. We must secure their withdrawal from the Western Hemisphere . . . I call upon Chairman Khrushchev to eliminate this secret and reckless threat to world peace. 4. What is the basis for President Kennedy's demand that the missiles be removed from Cuba? Document 3 The Cuban missile crisis brought the United States and the Soviet Union to the brink of nuclear war. It was, perhaps, the most frightening moment of the Cold War. This document focuses on Khrushchev’s agreement to remove Soviet missiles from Cuba. “I appreciate your assurance that the United States will not invade Cuba. Hence, we have ordered our officers to stop building bases, dismantle the equipment, and send it back home….We must not allow the situation to deteriorate, (but) eliminate hotbeds of tension, and we must see to it that no other conflicts occur which might lead to a world nuclear war.” ---Letter from Nikita Khrushchev to President John F. Kennedy, October 28, 1962 5. What does the letter suggest about Khrushchev’s reaction to the crisis? Brinkmanship 11 During Eisenhower’s campaign for the presidency in 1952, he fervently attacked Truman’s foreign policy, particularly with respect to the conflict in Korea. Eisenhower claimed Truman’s policy was costly and ineffective in its attempt to hold the line against communist aggression. Once in office, Eisenhower appointed John Foster Dulles to the position of secretary of state. A fervid and moralistic crusader against communism, Dulles advocated a policy of massive retaliation against the Soviet Union and possible Soviet aggression. By massive retaliation, Dulles meant that the United States would strike directly with nuclear weapons at the Soviet Union no matter where within the Soviet sphere of influence conflict might arise. Dulles defended his policy of massive retaliation by arguing that it would, in the end, save the taxpayers money. In other words, instead of dragging the United States into costly and limiting wars, the United States would punish the Soviet Union with a damaging nuclear attack. This was in accordance with Eisenhower’s “New Look” program for the U.S. armed forces, which entailed cutting back on troops and equipment that were designed to fight a more conventional war and instead relying on air power and nuclear weapons. Dulles supported this argument, stating that nuclear weapons provided “more bang for the buck.” In 1956 Dulles wrote that those who were scared to go to the brink were lost. Critics referred to Dulles’s policy of never backing down from a crisis—even if it meant pushing the nation to the brink of war—as “brinkmanship.” The policy of brinkmanship indeed frightened some Americans, many of whom believed that Dulles’s willingness to go to the brink of total war was morally irresponsible. ANALYZING POLITICAL CARTOONS Study the political cartoon, and then answer the questions that follow. 1. What does “the Brink” refer to? 2. What does Dulles’s Superman outfit suggest? 3. What does the caption suggest about Dulles’s brinkmanship policy? Cold War Hotspot 12 Germany Korea Cuba Vietnam Pg. 536 Pg. 543 Pg. 606 Pg. 656 1. Draw the division between East and West Germany. 1. Draw the division line established in 1945. 1. Color Cuba RED. 2. Color East Germany RED and West Germany BLUE. 2. Color North Korea RED and South Korea BLUE. 2. Color America BLUE. 3. Label the city of Berlin. 3. Label the cities of P’yongyang and Seoul. 3. Draw little BLUE ships blockading Cuba. 1. Draw the division line between North Vietnam and South Vietnam. 2. Color North Vietnam RED and South Vietnam BLUE. 3. Locate and color the countries of Laos and Cambodia. Color them a color of your choice. 4. Label the cities of Hanoi and Saigon. China Eastern Europe Pg.A15 Pg. 536 & 541 1. Color China RED. 2. Color the island of Taiwan BLUE. 3. Label the city of Beijing. 4. Label the neighboring countries. 1. Color E. Germany, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria and Albania RED. 2. Color the United Kingdom, France, Spain, Portugal, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands, Denmark, Norway, Luxembourg, Greece, Turkey and West Germany BLUE.