Download Ch. 15 The Cold War Begins

Mr. Judd
Name_________________
Ch.
Cold War Begins 1945-1962, 1965-75
Ch.155 The
Industrialization
Content Standards: American History
24. The United States followed a policy of containment during the Cold War in response to the spread of communism.
25. The Second Red Scare and McCarthyism reflected Cold War fears in American society.
26. The Cold War and conflicts in Korea and Vietnam influenced domestic and international politics.
After the Axis Powers were defeated in World War II, the differences between the United States and the Soviet Union
came to the front. Stalin still feared the capitalist West, and Western leaders still had a great fear of communism. Throw
in the fact that both sides had atomic weapons by 1949 and it should not surprise us that the two countries were
headed for a showdown. From the end of World War II until 1989, the United States and the Soviet Union will be
involved in a war, not a direct or physical one, but one of ideas and beliefs. This was called the Cold War.
Below are two major conferences that occurred at the end of World War II that set the stage for future conflict between
the United States and the Soviet Union. Read pages 532 and 537 in the text and fill in the chart.
Yalta Conference (Feb. 1945)
Potsdam Conference (July 1945)
Who are the three gentlemen in the above photograph (left to
right)? Pg. 533
Who are the three gentlemen in the above photograph (left to
right)?
What did the Allies promise the people of Europe with the
Declaration of Liberated Europe? Please be specific. Pg. 533
What difference of opinion did the Allies have on German
reparations and industry? Pg. 536-37
What did the Allies agree to do with Germany? Berlin? Pg.
533
What interesting and “explosive” information did Truman receive
while in Potsdam? Pg. 537
Roots of the Cold War: “Ideas” (Ideological Differences)
2
Complete each sentence in the table by trying to explain how this idea could be defended (you don’t necessarily have
to believe in it!)
Soviet Communism
Equality of Outcome
U.S. and Western Democracies
Equality of Opportunity
Rich people should be forced to share their
wealth with those less fortunate, because….
People should be free to earn as much (or as little)
money as they are able, because…
Nationalization
Privatization
Factories and other property should be
owned by the people on behalf of all the
people, because…
Factories and other property should be owned by
individuals and companies, because…
Dictatorship
Democracy
Voter should be allowed to choose between
communist candidates, because…
Voters should be able to choose anyone of any
party, because…
Censorship
Free Press
The press should never criticize a communist
government, because…
The press should be free to criticize the
government, because…
Social Conformity
Social Non-Conformity
Individuality should never be promoted,
because….
Individuality should be encouraged among people in
society, because…
Money
Economic
System
Property
Elections
Political
System
Press
Individual
Rights
Social
Mobility
Cold War: Superpowers Face Off
3
As you read Ch. 15 in the textbook, take bullet point notes to explain how each of the following actions or policies led to
conflict between the United States and the Soviet Union.
1. Truman Doctrine (Pg. 539)
2. Marshall Plan (Pg. 540)
3. Policy of Containment (Pg. 538)
4. Blockade of Berlin/Berlin Airlift (Pg. 540)
5. Formation of North Atlantic Treaty
Organization (NATO) (Pg. 541)
6. Soviets Go Nuclear (Pg. 552)
7. The U-2 Incident (Pgs. 558-59)
8. The Berlin Wall Goes Up (Pg. 606)
Launching of Sputnik (Pg. 556)
Europe During the Cold War
4
Label the countries correctly and use the key provided to color code the countries NATO or Warsaw Pact. Also label
the Iron Curtain. Use the maps on Pg. 533 and Pg. 541 for help.
See Pg. 533 & Pg. 606 in text to answer the following question.
Q. What events in Berlin led to the construction of the Berlin Wall? See the inserted map of Berlin and outline the
Berlin Wall where you think it belongs.
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A New Red Scare: The Hunt for Spies
During the 1950’s, thousands of ordinary people- from teachers to autoworkers to
high government officials- shared a disturbing experience. Rumors and accusations of
Communists in the United States and of Communist infiltration of the government
tapped into fears that Communists were trying to take over the world.
The Red Scare began in September 1945, when a clerk named Igor Gouzenko
walked out of the Soviet Embassy in Ottawa, Canada, and defected. Gouzenko carried
documents revealing a massive effort by the Soviet Union to infiltrate organizations and
government agencies in Canada and the United States, with the specific goal of
obtaining information about the atomic bomb.
The Gouzenko case stunned Americans. It implied that spies had infiltrated the
American government. Soon, however, the search for spies escalated into a general
fear of Communist subversion. Subversion is the effort to weaken a society secretly and
overthrow its government.
5
Sen. Joseph McCarthy
Questions:
1. What was the Loyalty Review Program (LRP)? Pg. 546
2. What type of activities might make you a suspect of the LRP? Pg. 546
3. Why was the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) formed? Pg. 547
4. One of the first targets of the HUAC was Hollywood. Who were the “Hollywood Ten?” Pgs. 547-48
5. HUAC also went after Alger Hiss. What was Hiss accused of and what “hidden” evidence did him in? Pg. 548
6. What was the Rosenberg’s accused of? What happened to them? Pg. 548
7. How did Senator Joseph McCarthy cause a panic in America in February of 1950? Pg. 549
Political Cartoon Analysis : McCarthyism
6
In the aftermath of World War II, Americans reacted with dismay as relations between the United States and the Soviet
Union deteriorated, the Russians imposed communist control over much of Eastern Europe, and China was on the verge
of going communist. People worried that communists might try to subvert schools, labor unions, and other institutions.
Government agencies and private groups began to look for evidence of subversive activity. In this climate of fear and
suspicion, the House Committee on Un-American Activities, which famous political cartoonist Herb Block had opposed
since its inception in the 1930s, became active. And in 1950, a young senator from Wisconsin, Joseph McCarthy, seeking
political gain, began a well-publicized campaign using smear tactics, bullying and innuendo to identify and purge
communists and "fellow travelers" in government. Herb Block recognized the danger to civil liberties posed by such
activities and warned of them in his work. He coined the phrase "McCarthyism" in his cartoon for March 29, 1950,
naming the era just weeks after Senator McCarthy's spectacular pronouncement that he had in his hand a list of
communists in the State Department. His accusations became headline news, vaulting him into the national political
spotlight. For four years McCarthy attacked communism, while in his cartoons Herb Block relentlessly attacked his
heavy-handed tactics. In June 1954, McCarthy was censured and in December condemned by the Senate.
What is the message?
What is the message?
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Proxy Wars
7
Proxy War- (1) a war in which the powers in conflict use third parties as substitutes instead of
fighting each other directly. (2) A war instigated by a major power which does not itself
become involved.
Korea
List the series of
events that
transpired in this
country between
the United States
and the Soviet
Union.




How was the
conflict resolved?
Provide details.

After the dust
settled, what was
the “fall out” of
this conflict?




1945- The Soviet Union
and the U.S. agreed to
divide Korea into two
zones at the 38th parallel.
As U.S.-Soviet relations
grew worse, two separate
governments emerged in
Korea-Communist in the
north and antiCommunists in the south.
1950- Communist North
Korea invades South
Korea.
The U.S. (and other UN
nations) sends troops to
repel the invasion.
1953- An armistice (seize
fire) was signed.
The 38th parallel
remained, and remains
today, the boundary line
between North Korea and
South Korea.
The Korean War
confirmed U.S. fears of
communist expansion.
U.S. adopts a policy of
massive retaliation- any
Soviet advance would be
met with nuclear bombs.
U.S. military alliances
were extended around
the world.
Cuba
Vietnam
The Cuban Missile Crisis
8
During the administration of John F.
Kennedy, the Cold War confrontation
between the United States and the
Soviet Union reached frightening levels.
In 1959 a left-wing revolutionary named
Fidel Castro overthrew the Cuban
dictator Fulgencio Batista and set up a
Soviet-supported totalitarian regime in
Cuba. Having a socialist regime with
Communist contacts so close to the
mainland was considered to be a threat
to the security of the United States.
President Kennedy feared that if he
moved openly against Castro, then the
Soviets might retaliate by moving
against Berlin. As a result, the stage
might be set for the two superpowers to
engage in a nuclear war.
For months, Kennedy considered
alternatives. He finally approved a plan
that the CIA had proposed. Exiled
Cuban fighters would invade Cuba at
the Bay of Pigs. The purpose of the
invasion was to cause a revolt against
Castro. The invasion, which began on Sunday, April 16, 1961, was a disaster. By Wednesday, the exiled fighters began
surrendering. One hundred and fourteen died; the rest were captured by Castro’s troops.
After the Bay of Pigs, the Soviet Union sent advisers to Cuba. In 1962 Khrushchev began to place nuclear missiles in
Cuba, which were meant to counteract U.S. nuclear weapons placed in Turkey. Khrushchev said: “Your rockets are
stationed in Turkey. You are worried over Cuba… because it lies at a distance of 90 miles across the sea from the shores
of the United States. However, Turkey lies next to us.”
The United States was not willing to allow nuclear weapons within such close striking distance of its mainland. In
October 1962, Kennedy found out Soviet ships carrying missiles were heading to Cuba. He decided to blockade Cuba to
prevent the fleet from reaching its destination. This approach gave each side time to find a peaceful solution.
Khrushchev agreed to turn back the fleet and remove Soviet missiles from Cuba if Kennedy pledged not invade Cuba and
remove missiles from Turkey.
The Cuban missile crisis seemed to bring the world frighteningly close to nuclear war. Indeed, in 1992 a high ranking
Soviet officer revealed that short-range rockets armed with nuclear devices would have been used against U.S. troops if
the United States had invaded Cuba, an option that Kennedy fortunately had rejected. The realization that the world
might have been destroyed in a few days had a profound influence on both sides. A hotline communications system
between Moscow and Washington, D.C., was installed in 1963. The two superpowers could now communicate quickly in
times of crisis.
The Vietnam War
9
By 1963, the United States had been drawn into a new struggle that had an important impact on the Cold War-the
Vietnam War. After World War II, most states in Southeast Asia gained independence from their colonial rulers. The
Philippines became independent of the United States in 1946. Great
Britain also ended its colonial rule in Southeast Asia. France
refused, however, to let go of Indochina. This led to a long war
in Vietnam.
Leading the struggle against French colonial rule was the local
Communist Party, headed by Ho Chi Minh. In August 1945, the
Vietminh, an alliance of forces under Communist leadership,
seized power throughout most of Vietnam. Ho Chi Minh was
elected president of a new republic in Hanoi. Refusing to accept
the new government, France seized the southern part of the
country. For years, France fought Ho Chi Minh’s Vietminh for
control of Vietnam without success. In 1954, after a huge defeat
at Dien Bien Phu, France agreed to sign the Geneva Peace
Accords. Because of the Korean War, China and the Soviet Union
wanted to avoid another conflict with the United States. They
pressured Vietnam to agree to a temporary partition of
Vietnam. This was meant to save French pride and satisfy the
Americans. Vietnam was divided into two parts. In the north
were the Communists, based in Hanoi; in the south, the noncommunists, based in Saigon.
Both sides agreed to hold elections in two years to create a single
government. Instead, the conflict continued, and Vietnam soon
became part of the Cold War. The United States, opposed to the
spread of communism, aided South Vietnam under nationalist leader Ngo Dinh Diem, In spite of this aid, the Viet Cong,
South Vietnamese Communist guerrillas supported by north Vietnam, were on the verge of seizing control of the entire
country by early 1965. Their forces also received military aid from China.
In March 1965, President Johnson sent troops to South Vietnam to keep the Communist regime of North Vietnam from
gaining control of South Vietnam. U.S. policy makers saw the conflict in terms of a domino theory concerning the spread
of communism. If the Communists succeeded in South Vietnam, the argument went, all the other countries in Asia that
were freeing themselves from colonial domination would likewise fall (like dominoes) to communism.
North Vietnam responded to the American troops by sending more forces into the south. Despite the massive
superiority in equipment and firepower of the American forces, the United States failed to defeat the North Vietnamese.
The growing number of American troops in Vietnam soon produced an antiwar movement in the United States,
especially among college students of draft age. The mounting destruction of the conflict, seen on television, also turned
public opinion against the war.
President Johnson, condemned for his handling of the costly and indecisive war, decided not to run for reelection.
Former vice president Richard M. Nixon won the election with his pledge to stop the war and bring the American people
together. Finally, in 1973, President Nixon reached an agreement with North Vietnam in the Paris Peace Accords that
allowed the United States to withdraw its forces. Within two years after the American withdrawal, Communist armies
from the North had forcibly reunited Vietnam.
Document Based Questions
10
Document 1
Document 1 Questions
1. Who are the two characters in this cartoon?
2. What appears to be going on in this cartoon? What
is interesting about the man’s teeth?
3. Look at the caption of the cartoon. What point is the
cartoonist making about the Cuban Missile Crisis?
Document 2 The threat of nuclear war was obvious in the Cuban missile crisis of 1962. This excerpt, from President
John F. Kennedy's speech to the American people, explains the U.S. position.
…We have unmistakable evidence that a series of offensive missile sites is now being built on that island... Cuba has
been made into an important strategic base by the presence of these long-range offensive weapons of sudden mass
destruction. This is an open threat to the peace and security of all the Americas. Our objective must be to prevent the
use of these missiles against this or any other country. We must secure their withdrawal from the Western
Hemisphere . . . I call upon Chairman Khrushchev to eliminate this secret and reckless threat to world peace.
4. What is the basis for President Kennedy's demand that the missiles be removed from Cuba?
Document 3 The Cuban missile crisis brought the United States and the Soviet Union to the brink of nuclear
war. It was, perhaps, the most frightening moment of the Cold War. This document focuses on Khrushchev’s
agreement to remove Soviet missiles from Cuba.
“I appreciate your assurance that the United States will not invade Cuba. Hence, we have ordered our officers to
stop building bases, dismantle the equipment, and send it back home….We must not allow the situation to
deteriorate, (but) eliminate hotbeds of tension, and we must see to it that no other conflicts occur which might
lead to a world nuclear war.”
---Letter from Nikita Khrushchev to President John F. Kennedy, October 28, 1962
5. What does the letter suggest about Khrushchev’s reaction to the crisis?
Brinkmanship
11
During Eisenhower’s campaign for the presidency in 1952, he fervently attacked Truman’s foreign policy,
particularly with respect to the conflict in Korea. Eisenhower claimed Truman’s policy was costly and
ineffective in its attempt to hold the line against communist aggression.
Once in office, Eisenhower appointed John Foster Dulles to the position of secretary of state. A fervid and
moralistic crusader against communism, Dulles advocated a policy of massive retaliation against the Soviet
Union and possible Soviet aggression. By massive retaliation, Dulles meant that the United States would strike
directly with nuclear weapons at the Soviet Union no matter where within the Soviet sphere of influence
conflict might arise.
Dulles defended his policy of massive retaliation by arguing that it would, in the end, save the taxpayers
money. In other words, instead of dragging the United States into costly and limiting wars, the United States
would punish the Soviet Union with a damaging nuclear attack. This was in accordance with Eisenhower’s
“New Look” program for the U.S. armed forces, which entailed cutting back on troops and equipment that
were designed to fight a more conventional war and instead relying on air power and nuclear weapons. Dulles
supported this argument, stating that nuclear weapons provided “more bang for the buck.”
In 1956 Dulles wrote that those who were scared to go to the brink were lost. Critics referred to Dulles’s
policy of never backing down from a crisis—even if it meant pushing the nation to the brink of war—as
“brinkmanship.” The policy of brinkmanship indeed frightened some Americans, many of whom believed that
Dulles’s willingness to go to the brink of total war was morally irresponsible.
ANALYZING POLITICAL CARTOONS
Study the political cartoon, and then answer the
questions that follow.
1. What does “the Brink” refer to?
2. What does Dulles’s Superman outfit
suggest?
3. What does the caption suggest about
Dulles’s brinkmanship policy?
Cold War Hotspot
12
Germany
Korea
Cuba
Vietnam
Pg. 536
Pg. 543
Pg. 606
Pg. 656
1. Draw the division between
East and West Germany.
1. Draw the division line
established in 1945.
1. Color Cuba RED.
2. Color East Germany RED
and West Germany BLUE.
2. Color North Korea RED and
South Korea BLUE.
2. Color America BLUE.
3. Label the city of Berlin.
3. Label the cities of
P’yongyang and Seoul.
3. Draw little BLUE ships
blockading Cuba.
1. Draw the division line
between North Vietnam and
South Vietnam.
2. Color North Vietnam RED
and South Vietnam BLUE.
3. Locate and color the
countries of Laos and
Cambodia. Color them a color
of your choice.
4. Label the cities of Hanoi
and Saigon.
China
Eastern Europe
Pg.A15
Pg. 536 & 541
1. Color China RED.
2. Color the island of Taiwan BLUE.
3. Label the city of Beijing.
4. Label the neighboring countries.
1. Color E. Germany, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania,
Bulgaria and Albania RED.
2. Color the United Kingdom, France, Spain, Portugal, Italy, Belgium,
Netherlands, Denmark, Norway, Luxembourg, Greece, Turkey and
West Germany BLUE.