Download Science 9 Year End Review: Unit A – Biological Diversity Name

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Science 9
Year End Review: Unit A – Biological Diversity
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Key Concepts
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biological diversity
species
diversity within species
habitat diversity
niches
populations
asexual and sexual reproduction
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inheritance
chromosomes, genes, and DNA
cell division (binary fission and formation of sex
cells)
natural and artificial selection of genetic
characteristics
THINGS TO STUDY
Section 1.0
Biological Diversity Reflects Life on Earth
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Section 2.0
Reproduction: Traits are Passed On
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Section 3.0
Heritable traits vary  variations can be discrete or continuous
The environment can also affect some heritable traits (ex. height)
Asexual reproduction (one parent)  offspring are identical to the parent (allows species to reproduce
quickly)
Sexual reproduction (two parents)  offspring are different from the parents (results in genetic variation
among individuals within a species
In sexual reproduction, a male gamete fuses with a female gamete to produce a zygote, which develops
into an embryo and grows into an individual
DNA – Inheritable Material
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Section 4.0
Millions of species live on the Earth
Three main components of biodiversity are: ecosystem diversity, community and species diversity, and
genetic diversity
Variation between and among species
Species coexisting in a habitat are interdependent: predator-prey, commensalisms, parasitism, and
mutualism
Different species share resources by having different niches
Natural selection is the selection of desirable traits by the environment
Chromosomes (alleles arranged in pairs), genes (instructions for a particular trait), and DNA (genetic
code for making a particular individual) are passed on from generation to generation within a species
Asexual reproduction  mitosis
Sexual reproduction  meiosis
Dominant traits are always seen in offspring while recessive traits occur when both parents have the
recessive alleles of that trait
Biodiversity is Affected by Humans
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Extinction is a loss of a species from the entire planet
Extirpation is the loss of a species from a particular area
Human actions or natural events can cause extinction and extirpation
Artificial selection  human selection and breeding for desirable traits
Technologies affecting biodiversity  artificial selection, artificial reproductive technologies, and genetic
engineering
Unit A: Section 1.0
1. What does the term biological diversity mean?
2. Describe the variety of biological species on Earth.
3. What are the main components of biological diversity (hint: there are three components!)?
4. Why is there little diversity in Northern Canada and high diversity in Central and South America?
5. What is variation? What is the value of variation?
6. Fill in the table describing each type of symbiotic relationship.
Symbiotic Relationship
Description
Commensalism
Mutualism
Parasitism
Interspecies Competition
7. What is a niche? Explain what is included in an organism’s niche.
8. What is resource partitioning? What is the advantage of partitioning resources?
Example
9. Identify the classification system used by biologists to identify specific organisms.
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How did Carolus Linnaeus determine a naming system
that would enable scientists around the world identify
specific organisms?
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Unit A: Section 2.0
1. What are heritable traits?
2. What is the difference between continuous and discrete variation?
3. How does the environment affect variation?
4. What is asexual reproduction?
5. Briefly describe the different reproductive processes that can occur asexually in the table below:
Reproductive Process
Binary Fission
Asexual Spore Production
Vegetative Reproduction
Budding
Brief Description
6. What is sexual reproduction?
7. Briefly explain the process of sexual reproduction in plants and label the parts of the flower:
8. Briefly explain the process of sexual reproduction in animals.
9. Summarize the advantages and disadvantages of asexual and sexual reproduction in the table
below.
Advantages
Disadvantages
Asexual
Reproduction
Sexual
Reproduction
10. What are non-heritable characteristics? Give an example of a non-heritable characteristic.
11. What are the two types of inherited variation? Explain the difference between the two.
Unit A: Section 3.0
1. What carries the genetic information that is passed on from parent to offspring?
2. What is DNA? Illustrate and label the chemical structure of DNA that was modelled by James Watson and
Francis Crick below.
3. What is the genetic code?
4. What enables DNA to have so many variations with only four chemicals?
5. What are genes? What are alleles?
6. How are chromosomes arranged?
7. Summarize the processes of mitosis and meiosis in the table below.
Cell Division
Type of
Reproduction
Number of Cell
Divisions
Kind of Cell
Produced
Amount of DNA
Needed
Mitosis
Meiosis
8. Describe the difference between dominant and recessive traits and give two examples of each.
9. What other factors affect the inheritance of traits?
10. Complete the following Punnett squares to outline the possibilities in offspring in four different cases:
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Unit A: Section 4.0
1. Explain the difference between extinction and extirpation.
2. Identify different natural causes of extinction and extirpation and give examples of species lost as a
result.
3. How does overspecialization cause extinction?
4. What human activities can have an impact on species populations?
5. What is artificial selection?
6. Briefly explain what occurs during the process of each type of artificial selection technique below and
indicate whether biological diversity is increased or decreased by the technique.
Technique
Description
Increase/Decrease Diversity
Cloning
Artificial
Insemination
In-Vitro
Fertilization
Genetic
Engineering
7. How do zoos preserve biodiversity?
8. What are some organizations doing to preserve plant species and avoid species extinction?
9. Explain the difference between ex-situ and in-situ conservation programs and give examples of each.