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Name _____________________________ Date _____________________ Period _____ EXPLORATIONS, ENCOUNTERS, AND IMPERIALSIM UNIT 4, SECTION 4 I. SECTION OVERVIEW -1400s, Europeans sought a greater share of the rich Asian ____ trade. -The first to benefit from new ____________, the _____________ and the ___________ were the first to establish global _________. -The Dutch, ____________, and the ________ soon joined. -These interactions had great impact as _______, _________, plants, animals, _________, and diseases passed from continent to continent. II. KEY THEMES, CONCEPTS, PEOPLE, AND TERMS 1. Reconquista- _________________________________________ 2. Cartographer- ________________________________________ 3. Astrolabe- ___________________________________________ 4. Vasco da Gama- ______________________________________ 5. Christopher Columbus- _________________________________ 6. Imperialism- _________________________________________ 7. Ferdinand Magellan- ___________________________________ 8. Sepoy- ______________________________________________ 9. Conquistador- ________________________________________ 10.Plantation- ___________________________________________ 11.Middle Passage- _______________________________________ 12.Encomienda- __________________________________________ 13.Columbian Exchange- ___________________________________ 14.Mercantilism- __________________________________________ III. THE EVE OF EXPLORATION -____________ and ________ took the lead looking for Asian riches. -Each nation had the ____________, resources, and political _______ to support sea travel. -Each nation also battled _________ rule and ended it by establishing ____________ kingdoms. A. Reconquista and Explusions 1. The marriage of __________ and __________ in 1469 brought together two powerful __________ kingdoms. 2. They forced the __________ from Granada. This completed the ______________ (to recapture Spain from the ________). B. Reasons for European Exploration 1. ___________ control of the eastern Mediterranean disrupted Western Europe’s _______ with Asia leading to a desire to seek other routes. 2. However, __________ and __________ merchants dominated trade routes between Asia and Europe resulting in more expensive products . Europeans sought to gain direct access to ________ trade. C. Impact of Technology 1. THE PRINTING PRESS—Johann ___________ became the first person to use a ___________ press to print a book. This allowed people to make ________ quickly and cheaply, thus became more readily available. 2. GUNPOWDER—Improved European fighting ability allowing them to take control of trade routes. 3. NAVAL TECHNOLOGY—mapmakers (______________) created better maps and charts of the ______. European sailors learned to use the magnetic compass to determine direction and the ___________ to figure out their ____________ at sea. They also built _______ and _________ ships. IV. EARLY EXPLORATIONS AND ENCOUNTERS A. Around Africa to Asia 1. The _____________ were the first that explored the coast of ______ Africa. 2. 1488—Bartholmeu ______ rounded the ________________. 3. Vasco __________ followed Dias’s route around Africa and traveled across the ________ Ocean to an Indian port. He returned home with Asian _______ that he sold at a high profit. B. Columbus Reaches the Americas 1. The success of the ______________ inspired Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain to try to gain a share of the rich spice trade. Plus they sought to spread ________________. 2. _________________ convinced Spain that he could reach Asia by sailing across the ____________ Ocean. 3. 1493—Pope ____________ VI established the ____________________, which divided the non-European world into ______ zones. _________ could trade and explore ______ of the line. Portugal had the same rights _______ of it. The Treaty of _____________ settled this for both nations. V. EUROPEANS COMPETE FOR COLONIES -______________ is the domination by one country of the political and/ or economic life of another country. -___________ activities in Asia, Africa, and the Americas in the 1500s through the 1700s foreshadowed the major era of European imperialism in the __________. A. Imperialism in Africa 1. Began with the _______________ in the 1400s, but they were not successful in their attempts to push into the __________ of Africa. They made ________ profit. 2. 1600s—the __________ arrived and settled in _______ Town. The Dutch farmers were known as _________; they ousted or enslaved many __________, whom they considered to be _____________. B. Imperialism in Asia 1. Soon after Europe established direct _________ links in Asia they sought to gain more _____________ control. First was ______________. 2. PORTUGAL—1500s they took control of the ________ trade network from the __________. Even though they were powerful at sea, they were never able conquer much ________. They were also very ____________ against Hindus and Muslims. 3. THE DUTCH—First to challenge the _____________ domination of Asian spice trade. In time, they formed the __________________ Company (1600s). They established closer ties with local leaders and stirred less resentment. 4. SPAIN—founded colonies in _______________ in the 1500s. They financed the voyage of Ferdinand _____________, the first to circumnavigate (circle) the world. Controlled the area today known as the _________________. This gave Spain a base from which to ________ with _______ and spread ____________ teachings to East Asia. 5. ENGLAND AND FRANCE—1700s they became competing forces in the Asian trading network, concentrating on ______. The ________ and ________ East India Companies made alliances with local rulers, and each company organized its own army of ________ (Indian troops). In time this companies held the real power in the region. C. Imperialism in the Americas 1. SPANISH CONQUISTADORS—They were searching for ______, others wanted to __________ the inhabitants of the land to _____________. Hernan ___________ landed in ________ in 1519 in which he conquered the _________ by 1521. Francisico _____________ landed in 1532 and destroyed the ________ empire in ________. 2. REASONS FOR SPANISH SUCCESS— a. They used _______, _________, and powerful weapons that the Indians had never seen before. b. They found ______ among Native American groups who hated being ruled by the _________ or ________. c. ____________ brought by Europeans killed __________of native people. 3. BATTLE FOR NORTH AMERICA—Spain’s profitable American empire attracted the attention of other European powers. ________, _________, and ________ explorers had long searched _________________ for a ______________________ to Asia. a. By the 1600s, they had established permanent colonies on the continent. 1600s—__________ settled Canada. They established trading posts from Quebec to _____________. b. 1607—the ________ established their first permanent colony at _______________. They came for different reasons like making a ________, own _______, and some, like the Puritans, seeking __________ freedom. c. 1700s—the __________ defeated the French in the __________________ War—France had to give up ______. VI. TRIANGULAR TRADE AND SLAVERY A. Causes of the Slave Trade 1. Europeans saw African slaves as the most ___________ African trade goods. 2. Europeans began ___________ large numbers of Africans to satisfy the _________ shortage on American plantations. 3. The trade involved __________, ________, and the ________ and was referred to as “___________________” because sea routes among these three continents formed vast triangles. B. The Middle Passage 1. This was the voyage from _________ to the ___________ on the _________ ships. 2. Describe the conditions on these ships. ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ C. Effects of the Slave Trade 1. 1800s—slave trade ended—an estimated ____ million Africans had been sent to the Americas. 2. It caused _____________ to develop in Africa. 3. The result of this was that _____________ African political structures were undermined. 4. Slavery resulted in many African societies being deprived of the talents of strong, intelligent people. VII. THE SPANISH EMPIRE -It stretched from _____________ to South America and brought great ________ to Spain. -In return, the Spanish brought their _______________, religion, ____________, and ____________ to the region. A. Government—Spain maintained a ________ control over its distant empire. The king ran it through _____________. B. Religion—The __________ Church was very important in the colonies. Church leaders helped run the government and worked to convert thousands of Native Americans to ________________. C. Encomienda System—Allowed its colonies to _______ only with ________. Sugarcane became the main crop traded. Due to the need for so many workers, the Spanish created the ____________ system. A consquistador was granted ________ along with permission to demand labor or tribute from Native Americans. D. Culture—It combined Native Americans, European, and African cultures. Daily life was influenced by these cultures. E. Social Classes—People were placed in a hierarchy. 1. ________________—Spanish-born people at the top. 2. CREOLES—those of ____________ descent who were born in the colonies. 3. ______________—people of ________ Native American and European descent. VIII. THE COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE: PLANTS, ANIMALS, PEOPLE, AND DISEASES. -A global exchange of the above began during this time, leading to great changes for people in _______, the __________, _________, and Europe. (Since it started with Columbus it is known as the _______________ Exchange). -Give at least TWO examples of this exchange ________________________________________________________ IX. EUROPEAN CAPITALISM AND MERCANTILISM -Increased _______ with the colonies encouraged European ____________, the investment of _________ to make a profit. -Europeans adopted a new policy of ________________, which involved building up national wealth by ____________ more goods than the nation imported. -Colonies supplied the _________ nation with ______________ and served as ____________for its exports. -The expansion of _____________ and _______________ affected the lives of many Europeans. _________ became less powerful because their wealth was based on _________ they owned. Those whose wealth was based on _________ grew richer. -A __________ class developed. ___________ life changed little. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS: Page 173-177 10. ____ 11. _____ 12. _____ 13. _____ 14. _____ 15. _____16. _____