Download blood type A

Blood
The adult human has about 4-6 liters of blood
circulating throughout the body at all times, never
stopping while you are alive.
What is blood made of?
What types of cells
exist in the blood?
RBC
WBC
Antibodies vs antigens
An antigen is a substance foreign to the body that causes an immune response.
An immune response occurs when antibodies, which are proteins in your immune system,
are summoned to attack an antigen.
Blood Type
Who discover blood typing?
Noticed that during blood transfusions of animals,
blood would clump, resulting in death due to lack
of blood flow.
To ensure this didn’t happen with humans, he
researched why this occurred. Thus, he discovered
The four basic blood types (A, B, AB, O).
Karl Landsteiner
Physician
Discovery in
the early
1900s
Alexander Wiener
Hematologist
Later, with scientist Alexander Wiener, another
antigen was discovered when transfusion of
Rhesus monkey blood into rabbit blood caused
agglutination. This antigen become know as Rh
positive or Rh negative.
Blood Typing
• Blood type is controlled by multiple alleles.
– 3 alleles = A, B, and O
– The alleles A and B are codominant when
expressed together.
– O is recessive to A and B.
• Two of these alleles form an individuals’
genotype (see chart).
Blood Type Chart
(memorize this)
There are 8 different blood types and each person
belongs to only one.
A+
B+
AB+
O+
ABABO-
Blood type is determined by heredity.
Antigens are expressed traits on the red blood
cell’s surface that determine an individual’s
blood type.
Each of the eight blood types have different combinations of
antigens (sugars) on the surface of the RBCs
When you say you are blood type A, what you are telling people is that the cells in your body make antibodies
only to type B antigens. The A-type surface antigens on the cells are not recognized. These surface antigens can
be attached to the surface of your blood cells (more specifically to the plasma membrane surrounding the cells)
or to proteins or lipids anywhere in your body.
That means that your body makes antibodies against type B antigens.
Each of the eight blood types also have different combinations of
Rh antigens (proteins) on the surface of their RBCs
A nor B antigens
Rh factor
present
Blood type A
positive
Rh factor
present
Blood type B
positive
Rh factor
present
Blood type AB
positive
Rh factor
present
Blood type O
positive
A nor B antigens
No Rh factor
present
Blood type A
negative
No Rh factor
present
Blood type B
negative
No Rh factor
present
Blood type AB
negative
No Rh factor
present
Blood type O
negative
When blood is introduced to another type of
blood, the antibodies of the donor blood will
always attack unless it recognizes another
antibody.
http://www.nobelprize.org/educational/medicine/bloodtypinggame/gamev
2/index.html
WHAT ARE BLOOD GROUP ANTIGENS ALL ABOUT?
Blood group antigens are carbohydrates that are attached to proteins or lipids. An antigen is a substance
foreign to the body that causes an immune response. An immune response occurs when antibodies, which
are proteins in your immune system, are summoned to attack an antigen.
When you say you are blood type A, what you are telling people is that the cells in your body make
antibodies only to type B antigens. The A-type surface antigens on the cells are not recognized. These
surface antigens can be attached to the surface of your blood cells (more specifically to the plasma
membrane surrounding the cells) or to proteins or lipids anywhere in your body.
That means that your body makes antibodies against type B antigens. (If your blood type is positive or
negative, that refers to the Rh factor.) So, in essence, your body kills off the cells containing type B antigens,
allowing type A to be dominant. You can receive type A blood or type O blood and can donate blood to
those with type A or type AB.
If you are blood type B, the situation is reversed. Your cells have type B antigens attached, so your body
makes antibodies against only type A. Once the type A antigens are kept at bay, your blood cells “show” type
B as the dominant type. You can receive type B or type O blood, and you can donate to those with type B or
type AB blood.
If you are blood type AB, your cells do not make antibodies against type A or type B surface antigens.
Therefore, you can receive blood from a donor with any blood type (universal recipient), but you can donate
blood only to other people with type AB blood.
If you are blood type O, your cells make antibodies against both type A and type B antigens. This means that
if you need blood, you can only receive more type O blood. But, you can donate your blood to anybody;
thus, you are a universal donor. Type O blood is the most common.