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A&P1: The Skeletal System
Dr. Solti, 2012
The following is a list of all the bones, their anatomical features, cartilages, and
related structures
that you will need to know for the A&P1 Lab Practical. Out of the 206 named bones of
the body,
these are the ones you need to know.
Anatomical terms associated with bones –
Body – main part
Head – enlarged end, often rounded
Facet – small, flat articulating surface
Tubercle – a small rounded bump where muscles attach
Foramen – a hole in a bone or between body cavities
Fossa – a depression, often on an articular surface
Condyle / epicondyle – a large bump where muscles attach/articulating surface
Process – a large bump where muscles attach or form joints
Trochanter – very large bump, only on proximal femur
__________________________________________________________________
AXIAL SKELETON: 80 Bones:
Skull – There are 22 named bones in the skull: 8 cranial and 14 facial
2 Parietal bones
Sagittal suture
2 Temporal bones
2 External auditory meatuses / external auditory canals
2 Mastoid processes
2 Styloid processes
Occipital bone
External occipital protruberance
2 occipital condyles
Foramen magnum
Frontal bone
2 Supraorbital foramen
2 Superior orbital margins
Sphenoid bone
Ethmoid bone
Perpendicular plate
____________________________________________________
Lacrimal bone
2 Zygomatic bones
Vomer bone
Maxilla
2 Infraorbital foramen
Alveolar processes
Mandible
2 Mental foramen
Mandibular symphysis
Alveolar processes
_____________________________________________________
Hyoid bone (in the neck) - This is the only free-floating bone in the body. It is use
d for
swallowing and speech. It floats in the neck from the styloid processes of temporal b
ones by
muscles and ligaments.
__________________________________________________________
Vertebral Column – There are 26 total bones, including 7 cervical vertebra, 12 thorac
ic
vertebra, 5 lumbar vertebra, the sacrum (comprised of 5 fused vertebra) and coccyx (c
omprised
of 4 fused vertebra). You must be able to distinguish between cervical, thoracic, and
lumbar
vertebra when they are disarticulated (by themselves).
Anatomical features of a typical vertebra
Body/Centrum
Spinous process
2 Transverse processes
Vertebral foramen
Vertebral arch – pedicle and lamina
Intervertebral/Transverse foramen
2 Superior articular processes
2 Inferior articular processes
____________________________________________________________________
7 Cervical vertebra (C1 - C7)
Atlas – C1
Posterior arch
Anterior arch
Vertebral foramen
2 Transverse foramen
Axis – C2
Bifid spinous process
Dens
Vertebral foramen
2 Transverse foramen
Articular facets
2 Transverse processes
12 Thoracic vertebra (T1 - T12)
5 Lumbar vertebra (L1 - L5)
Sacrum
Sacral promontory
Sacral hiatus
Sacroiliac joint
Coccyx
Intervertebral discs (each is a fibrocartilaginous disc)
____________________________________________________________________________
Thoracic/Ribcage – There are usually 12 pairs of ribs (costals) or 24 rib bones. All
attach
posteriorly to thoracic vertebra. They are divided into True (or Vertebrosternal) Rib
s 1–7 and
False (or Vertebrochondral) Ribs 8–12, the last 2 of which are also known as Floating
Ribs 11
and 12.
Ribs/Costals –
True ribs 1-7
False ribs 8-12
Floating ribs 11 and 12
Costal cartilage (comprised of hyaline cartilage)
Sternum –
Manubrium
Sternal body: articulates directly/indirectly with ribs 2-10.
Xiphoid process (hyaline cartilage that ossifies by age 40)
__________________________________________________________________________
APPENDICULAR SKELETON: 126 Bones
Pectoral Girdle (the shoulder girdle) –
2 Clavicles/collar bones
2 Scapula/shoulder blades
Acromion process
Coracoid process
Glenoid cavity
_______________________________________________________________________
Arm – Humerus
Greater tubercle
Lesser tubercle
Head
Surgical neck
Anatomical neck
Deltoid tuberosity
Capitulum
Trochlea
Medial epicondyle
Lateral epicondyle
Coronoid fossa
Olecranon fossa
RadiusHead of radius
Radial tuberosity
Styloid process of radius
Ulna Head of ulna
Trochlear notch
Olecranon
Coronoid process
Styloid process of ulna
____________________________________________________________________________
Hand – 8 Carpals (the bones of the wrist) : 2 rows of 4 each
" Some Lovers Try Positions
"That They Can't Handle"
Scaphoid
Lunate
Triquetrum
Pisiform
Trapezium
Trapezoid
Capitate
Hamate
5 Metacarpals (1-5) (the palm of the hand) –
The metacarpals are numbered 1-5, starting medially and continuing
Laterally (i.e. – the one attached to the thumb is metacarpal 1).
14 Phalanges (the digits) – Phalanges 1-5 (proximal, medial, and distal)
The phalanges are numbered 1-5, starting with the thumb. There are 3
phalanges for each finger (a proximal one, a medial one, and a distal one)
and 2 for the thumb (a proximal one and a distal one). Learn the finger
bones as: 3rd proximal phalange, 3rd medial phalange, 3rd distal phalange, etc.
_______________________________________________________________________
Pelvic Girdle (the hip girdle) – The pelvic girdle is comprised of 2 fused hip bones,
each called
an os coxae (or coxal bone). Each of the coxae are made of 3 bones each (the ilium, t
he
ischium, and the pubic bone).
2 Os coxae (coxal bones) Ilium
Sacroiliac joint
Acetabulum
Ischium
Obturator foramen
Pubic bone
Pubic symphysis (a fibrocartilaginous disc)
_____________________________________________________________________________
Leg – Femur
Head
Greater trochanter
Lesser trochanter
Fovea capitis
Neck
Linea aspera
Medial epicondyle
Lateral epicondyle
Medial condyle
Lateral condyle
Intercondylar fossa
Patella
Tibia/shinbone
Tibial tuberosity
Medial malleolus
Anterior crest
Fibula
Fibula head
Lateral malleolus
___________________________________________________________________
Foot – 7 Tarsals (foot bones) –
Calcaneus/heel
Talus/ankle
Navicular
Cuboid
Lateral cuneiform
Medial cuneiform
Intermediate cuneiform
5 Metatarsals (1-5) (the sole of the foot) – The metatarsals are numbered 1-5, starti
ng
medially and continuing laterally (i.e. – the one attached to the big toe is metatars
al 1).
14 Phalanges (the toes) – Phalanges 1-5 (proximal, medial, and distal)
The phalanges are numbered 1-5, starting with the big toe (hallux). There are 3
phalanges for each toe (a proximal one, a medial one, and a distal one) and 2 for the
big
toe (a proximal one and a distal one). learn the toe bones as: 3rd proximal phalange,
3rd
medial phalange, 3rd distal phalange. etc.
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