Download Memory

Memory
Short-Term Memory & Working Memory
THE MULTI-STORE MODEL OF MEMORY
 Sensory store
 Short-term memory (STM)
 Long-term memory (LTM)
ATKINSON & SHIFFIN MODEL
SENSORY MEMORY
• Iconic store
• Echoic store
SHORT-TERM STORE
• The recency effect
• The primacy effect
SHORT-TERM STORE
Duration
• Peterson and Peterson (1959)
– Task of remembering three letters while counting
backwards by threes.
– The ability to remember the three letters declined to
50% after 6 seconds.
SHORT-TERM STORE
Rehearsal
• Rehearsal maintains information in short-term
memory.
SHORT-TERM STORE
Forgetting
• Forgetting from STM:
– Decay
– Proactive Interference (disruption of current learning by
previous learnt material)
WORKING MEMORY
Baddeley and Hitch (1974)
Baddeley (1986)
 Central Executive
 Phonological Loop
 Visuo-spatial sketchpad
 Episodic buffer
WORKING MEMORY
WORKING MEMORY
WORKING MEMORY
• Assumptions
• If two tasks use the same componet, they cannot be
performed successfully together.
• If two tasks use different components, it should be
possible to perform them well together.
WORKING MEMORY
PHONOLOGICAL LOOP
• Phonological Similarity Effect
WORKING MEMORY
PHONOLOGICAL LOOP
• Word Length Effect
PHONOLOGICAL LOOP
VISUO-SPATIAL SKETCHPAD
• Two components:
– The visual cache
– The inner scribe
CENTRAL EXECUTIVE
• Most important component of working memory.
• Damage to the frontal lobes can cause
impairements to the central executive.
• Functions:
CENTRAL EXECUTIVE
• Single or multiple central executive functions?
• Three central executive functions:
EPISODIC BUFFER
• Stores and intergrates information from both the
phonological loop and visuo-spatial sketchpad.
MEMORY PROCESSES
• Encoding
• Storage
• Retrieval
TESTS OF MEMORY
• Free recall
• Cued recall
• Recognition
TEST OF MEMORY
• Explicit Memory
• Implicit Memory
LEVELS OF PROCESSING
Craik and Lockhart (1972)
• Various levels of processing
– Shallow processing:
– Deep or semantic processing:
LEVELS OF PROCESSING
Craik and Lockhart (1972)
– Maintenance rehearsal
– Elaborative rehearsal
ELABORATION
Craik and Tulving (1975)
– The kind and amount of elaboration is critical for recall
DISTINCTIVENESS
Eysenck (1979)
• Distinctive or unique memory traces are recalled
more than non distinctive memory traces.
THEORIES OF FORGETTING
• Ebbinghause studied forgetting with himself being the
only participant.
• He learned and recalled a list of nonsense syllables
which had no meaning over several trials.
• Forgetting was very rapaid over the first hour after
learning which slowed down thereafter.
REPRESSION
• Freud argued that anxiety provoking material is
often unable to gain access to conscious
awareness, known as repression.
• Adaptive function to maintain psychological wellbeing.
INTERFERENCE THEORY
• Dominant approach
• Proactive Interference
• Retroactive Interference
CUE-DEPENDENT FORGETTING
Tulving (1974)
• Trace-Dependent Forgetting
• Cue-Dependent Forgetting
CONSOLIDATION
• Is a process lasting for several hours or even days
which fixes information in LTM.