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Rules for Bonding in Organic Chemistry • Every atom but Hydrogen MUST have 8 electrons while bonded. The Octet Rule! – – – – – Carbon forms 4 bonds (C has 4 valence e-) Nitrogen forms 3 bonds (N has 5 valence e-) Oxygen forms 2 bonds (O has 6 valence e-) Hydrogen forms 1 bond (H breaks the octet rule) Halogens form 1 bond (all have 7 valence e-) Organic Chemistry • Rules for naming organic compounds – Determine longest straight carbon chain – Locate All Functional Groups – Follow rules for All Functional Groups • Organic Compounds are made from nonmetals forming covalent bonds with each other. The Big Eight Functional Groups of Organic Compounds • • • • Alcohols Aldehydes Amines Carboxylic Acids • • • • Esters Ethers Halides Keytones Identifying Alcohols • • • • .. R-O-H .. an oxygen atom is inserted between any carbon atom and one of its hydrogen atoms in a hydrocarbon To Name: # of C the “O” is bound to -hydrocarbon and change the ending “-e” to “-ol” Example: H H H .. H-C-C-C-O-H .. 1-propanol HHH Naming and Drawing Alcohols HHHH .. H-C-C-C-C-O-H .. H HHH HH H-C-C-H H :O: H 1-butanol ethanol Identifying Aldehydes A Terminal carbonyl group (C=O) on a carbon chain. :O: R– C – H To Name: Name the carbon chain, add the ending “-al” rather than “e” Example: H H :O: H-C-C- C-H propanal HH Naming and Drawing Aldehydes H :O: H–C– C–H H _______________ ethanal H H H H :O: H-C-C-C-C-C-H HHHH pentanal Identifying Amines • A terminal -NH2 group on a carbon chain. • To Name: carbon chain “-yl” “amine” HH H .. • Example: H–C C – C – N-H HH H H Propyl amine Naming and Drawing Amines H H H H .. H–C – C – C – C – N –H H H H H H H H H–N.. – C –H H Butyl amine ____________ Methyl amine Identifying Carboxylic Acids :O: .. A terminal R-C-O-H group on a carbon chain .. Name: carbon chain “–oic acid” H H :O: .. Example: H–C – C – C-O-H .. H H propanoic acid Naming and Drawing Carboxylic Acids H :O: .. H–C – C -O-H .. H ethanoic acid H H H H :O: .. H–C – C – C – C – C-O-H .. H H H H Pentanoic acid Identifying Esters :O: .. A carbon chain broken by R–C- O-R’ .. To Name: C=O chain“-yl” long chain “-oate” H :O: H H H .. Example:H-C – C-O-CC-C-H .. H H H H Ethyl propanoate Naming and Drawing Esters H H :O: H H H H .. butanoate H-C-C- C-O-C-CC-C-H Propyl __________ .. HH HH HH H :O: H .. H-C- C-O-C-H .. H H ethyl methanoate Identifying Ethers • An oxygen atom breaks up a chain of carbon atoms into two chains: R-O-R’ To Name: short carbon chain “-yl”, long carbon chain”-yl” “ether” Example: H H H H H H H .. H-C-C-C-C-O-C-C-C-H .. HH HH HHH Propyl-butyl ether Naming and Drawing Ethers HHHHHH HHHH .. H-C-C-C-C-C-C-O-C-C-C-C-H .. H H H H H H H H H H Butyl hexyl ether H HHH .. H-C-O-C-C-C-H .. H HHH methyl propyl ether Identifying Halides • A hydrogen has been replaced by one of the halogens (F, Cl, Br, I orAt) • To Name: “# carbon of substitution”“prefix of halogen–o” – “longest carbon chain” • Example: HHHHHH H-C-C-C-C-C-C-H 3-chloro-hexane H H Cl H H H Naming and Drawing Halides HH HFH H-C-C-C-C-C-H HHHHH H Br H H-C-C-C-H H HH 2 – fluoro-pentane ________________ 2-bromo-propane :O: Identifying R–C–R’ Keytones An oxygen atom is doubly bound to a carbon atom in the middle of a carbon chain To Name: carbon chain with the # carbon of the carbonyl group ending in “-one” Example: H :O: H H H H-C –C – C-C C -H 2-pentanone H HHH Naming Keytones H H :O: H H H H H-C-C–C–C-C-C-C-H HH HHHH 3-heptanone H :O: H H H H H-C – C – C -C-C-C-H 2-hexanone H H HHH