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Chapter 7 The Atmosphere Table of Contents Chapter Preview 7.1 The Air Around You 7.2 Air Pressure 7.3 Layers of the Atmosphere 7.4 Energy in Earth’s Atmosphere 7.5 Heat Transfer in the Atmosphere 7.6 Winds Chapter 7 The Atmosphere Chapter Preview Questions 1. Wind, or moving air, is caused by a. Earth’s rotation. b. Earth’s revolution. c. uneven heating of Earth’s surface. d. even heating of Earth’s surface. Chapter 7 The Atmosphere Chapter Preview Questions 1. Wind, or moving air, is caused by a. Earth’s rotation. b. Earth’s revolution. c. uneven heating of Earth’s surface. d. even heating of Earth’s surface. Chapter 7 The Atmosphere Chapter Preview Questions 2. The force of the atmosphere pushing against Earth is called a. air pressure. b. temperature. c. wind. d. humidity. Chapter 7 The Atmosphere Chapter Preview Questions 2. The force of the atmosphere pushing against Earth is called a. air pressure. b. temperature. c. wind. d. humidity. Chapter 7 The Atmosphere Chapter Preview Questions 3. Air pressure near the ocean is ____ air pressure at the top of a high mountain. a. greater than b. less than c. exactly the same as d. nearly the same as Chapter 7 The Atmosphere Chapter Preview Questions 3. Air pressure near the ocean is ____ air pressure at the top of a high mountain. a. greater than b. less than c. exactly the same as d. nearly the same as Chapter 7 The Atmosphere Chapter Preview Questions 4. Air exerts pressure equally in a. only one direction. b. two directions. c. three directions. d. all directions. Chapter 7 The Atmosphere Chapter Preview Questions 4. Air exerts pressure equally in a. only one direction. b. two directions. c. three directions. d. all directions. Chapter 7 The Atmosphere How do air pressure and temperature vary in the atmosphere? Suppose you dove into a pool. The deeper you went, the more water there would be above you. The weight of the water above causes the pressure to increase as you go deeper. Like water, air has weight, and pushes on you from all directions. Considering the example above, how do you think the pressure of the air above you would change if you climbed a mountain? Chapter 7 The Atmosphere Greek Word Origins Word atmos Meaning Examples Vapor, gas Atmosphere Chapter 7 The Atmosphere Greek Word Origins Word exo- Meaning Examples Out, outer Exosphere Chapter 7 The Atmosphere Greek Word Origins Word meter Meaning Examples Measure Anemometer, barometer, thermometer Chapter 7 The Atmosphere Greek Word Origins Word photo- Meaning Examples Light Photochemical Chapter 7 The Atmosphere Greek Word Origins Word thermos Meaning Examples Heat Thermosphere Chapter 7 The Atmosphere Apply It! Review the Greek origins and meanings in the table. Then predict the meaning of exosphere. Revise your definition as needed. Sample: The exosphere is the outer layer or portion of the thermosphere; from Section 3. Chapter 7 The Atmosphere End of Chapter Preview Chapter 7 The Atmosphere Section 1: The Air Around You What is the composition of Earth’s atmosphere? How is the atmosphere important to living things? What causes smog and acid rain? Chapter 7 The Atmosphere Composition of the Atmosphere Earth’s atmosphere is made up of nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, water vapor, and many other gases, as well as particles of liquids and solids. Chapter 7 The Atmosphere Links on the Atmosphere Click the SciLinks button for links on the atmosphere. Chapter 7 The Atmosphere More on Air Pollution Click the PHSchool.com button for an activity about air pollution. Chapter 7 The Atmosphere Oxygen Click the Video button to watch a movie about oxygen. Chapter 7 The Atmosphere End of Section: The Air Around You Chapter 7 The Atmosphere Section 2: Air Pressure What are some of the properties of air? What instruments are used to measure air pressure? How does increasing altitude affect air pressure and density? Chapter 7 The Atmosphere Air Pressure There is a column of air above you all the time. The weight of the air in the atmosphere causes air pressure. Chapter 7 The Atmosphere Measuring Air Pressure Activity Click the Active Art button to open a browser window and access Active Art about measuring air pressure. Chapter 7 The Atmosphere Measuring Air Pressure Air pressure pushes down on the surface of the mercury in the dish, causing the mercury in the tube to rise. The air pressure is greater on the barometer on the right, so the mercury is higher in the tube. Chapter 7 The Atmosphere Measuring Air Pressure This diagram shows an aneroid barometer. Changes in air pressure cause the walls of the airtight metal chamber to flex in and out. The needle on the dial indicates the air pressure. Chapter 7 The Atmosphere Air Pressure and Altitude Air pressure decreases as altitude increases. Chapter 7 The Atmosphere Altitude and Density The density of air decreases as altitude increases. Air at sea level has more gas molecules in each cubic meter than air at the top of a mountain. Chapter 7 The Atmosphere End of Section: Air Pressure Chapter 7 The Atmosphere Section 3: Layers of the Atmosphere What are the four main layers of the atmosphere? What are the characteristics of each layer? Chapter 7 The Atmosphere Layers of the Atmosphere The atmosphere is divided into four main layers: the troposphere, the stratosphere, the mesosphere, and the thermosphere. The thermosphere is further divided into the ionosphere and the exosphere. Chapter 7 The Atmosphere Changing Temperatures The graph shows how temperatures in the atmosphere change with altitude. Use it to answer the questions that follow. Chapter 7 The Atmosphere Changing Temperatures Reading Graphs: What two variables are being graphed? In what unit is each measured? Temperature and altitude; degrees Celsius and kilometers Chapter 7 The Atmosphere Changing Temperatures Reading Graphs: What is the temperature at the bottom of the stratosphere? Approximately –55ºC Chapter 7 The Atmosphere Changing Temperatures Interpreting Data: Which layer of the atmosphere has the lowest temperature? The thermosphere Chapter 7 The Atmosphere Changing Temperatures Making Generalizations: Describe how temperature changes as altitude increases in the troposphere. Temperature decreases as altitude increases. Chapter 7 The Atmosphere More on the Ozone Layer Click the Planet Diary button for an activity about the ozone layer. Chapter 7 The Atmosphere End of Section: Layers of the Atmosphere Chapter 7 The Atmosphere Section 4: Energy in Earth’s Atmosphere In what form does energy from the sun travel to Earth? What happens to the sun’s energy when it reaches Earth? Chapter 7 The Atmosphere Energy From the Sun Most of the energy from the sun travels to Earth in the form of visible light and infrared radiation. A small amount arrives as ultraviolet radiation. Chapter 7 The Atmosphere Energy in the Atmosphere Some sunlight is absorbed or reflected by the atmosphere. The rest passes through to the surface. Chapter 7 The Atmosphere Greenhouse Effect When Earth’s surface is heated, it radiates most of the energy back into the atmosphere as infrared radiation. Much of this energy is held by the atmosphere, warming it. Chapter 7 The Atmosphere Links on Energy in Earth’s Atmosphere Click the SciLinks button for links on energy in Earth’s atmosphere. Chapter 7 The Atmosphere End of Section: Energy in Earth’s Atmosphere Chapter 7 The Atmosphere Section 5: Heat Transfer in the Atmosphere How is temperature measured? In what three ways is heat transferred? How is heat transferred in the troposphere? Chapter 7 The Atmosphere Temperature and the Movement of Molecules The iced tea is cold, so its molecules move slowly. The herbal tea is hot, so its molecules move faster than the molecules in the iced tea. Chapter 7 The Atmosphere Converting Units Temperatures in weather reports are usually given in Fahrenheit scale, but scientists use the Celsius scale. Temperature readings can be converted from the Fahrenheit scale to the Celsius scale using the following equation: If the temperature is 68ºF, what is the temperature in degrees Celsius? ºC = 20ºC Chapter 7 The Atmosphere Converting Units Practice Problem Use the equation to convert the following temperature from Fahrenheit to Celsius. 35.0ºF 1.67ºC Chapter 7 The Atmosphere Converting Units Practice Problem Use the equation to convert the following temperature from Fahrenheit to Celsius. 60.0ºF 15.6ºC Chapter 7 The Atmosphere Converting Units Practice Problem Use the equation to convert the following temperature from Fahrenheit to Celsius. 72.0ºF 22.2ºC Chapter 7 The Atmosphere How Heat Is Transferred Heat is transferred in three ways: radiation, conduction, and convection. Chapter 7 The Atmosphere Links on Heat Transfer Click the SciLinks button for links on heat transfer. Chapter 7 The Atmosphere End of Section: Heat Transfer in the Atmosphere Chapter 7 The Atmosphere Section 6: Winds What causes winds? How do local winds and global winds differ? Where are the major global wind belts located? Chapter 7 The Atmosphere Angle of the Sun’s Rays Energy from the sun strikes Earth most directly near the equator. Near the poles, the same amount of energy is spread out over a larger area. Chapter 7 The Atmosphere Coriolis Effect As Earth rotates, the Coriolis effect turns winds in the Northern Hemisphere toward the right. Chapter 7 The Atmosphere Global Wind Belts A series of wind belts circles Earth. Between the wind belts are calm areas where air is rising or sinking. Chapter 7 The Atmosphere Global Winds Activity Click the Active Art button to open a browser window and access Active Art about global winds. Chapter 7 The Atmosphere Jet Streams The jet streams are high-speed bands of winds occurring at the top of the troposphere. Chapter 7 The Atmosphere Convection Currents Click the Video button to watch a movie about convection currents. Chapter 7 The Atmosphere End of Section: Winds Chapter 7 The Atmosphere QuickTake Quiz Click to start quiz.