
Paul Crutzen - Nobel Lecture
... Hampson and that the CH4 oxidation cycle plays a very large role in tropospheric chemistry, a topic to which we will return. Regarding stratospheric ozone chemistry, I discarded the theory of Hampson and Hunt and concluded: “... at least part of the solution of the problem of the ozone distribution ...
... Hampson and that the CH4 oxidation cycle plays a very large role in tropospheric chemistry, a topic to which we will return. Regarding stratospheric ozone chemistry, I discarded the theory of Hampson and Hunt and concluded: “... at least part of the solution of the problem of the ozone distribution ...
03.06 Near Ground Ozone (Edition 1993)
... Already in 1840, the first measurements of near ground ozone were taken with the help of the Schönbein paper named after its discoverer. The potassium iodide soaked paper becomes colored through the formation of iodine blue caused by ozone. Today far more exact measuring instruments are used. They t ...
... Already in 1840, the first measurements of near ground ozone were taken with the help of the Schönbein paper named after its discoverer. The potassium iodide soaked paper becomes colored through the formation of iodine blue caused by ozone. Today far more exact measuring instruments are used. They t ...
03.06 Near Ground Ozone (Edition 1993)
... Already in 1840, the first measurements of near ground ozone were taken with the help of the Schönbein paper named after its discoverer. The potassium iodide soaked paper becomes colored through the formation of iodine blue caused by ozone. Today far more exact measuring instruments are used. They t ...
... Already in 1840, the first measurements of near ground ozone were taken with the help of the Schönbein paper named after its discoverer. The potassium iodide soaked paper becomes colored through the formation of iodine blue caused by ozone. Today far more exact measuring instruments are used. They t ...
Using stellar scintillation for studies of turbulence in the Earth`s
... one-dimensional vertical and horizontal spectra, a model with variable anisotropy was proposed in [28]. This model develops the ideas discussed in [29,30]. The ratio of the horizontal and vertical scales—that is, the anisotropy coefficient η—characterizes the shape of the irregularities. The anisotr ...
... one-dimensional vertical and horizontal spectra, a model with variable anisotropy was proposed in [28]. This model develops the ideas discussed in [29,30]. The ratio of the horizontal and vertical scales—that is, the anisotropy coefficient η—characterizes the shape of the irregularities. The anisotr ...
Twenty Questions and Answers About the Ozone Layer
... accumulation of ODSs has slowed and begun to decrease. In response, global ozone depletion is no longer increasing. Now, with continued compliance, we expect substantial recovery of the ozone layer by the late 21st century. The day the Montreal Protocol was agreed upon, 16 September, is now celebrat ...
... accumulation of ODSs has slowed and begun to decrease. In response, global ozone depletion is no longer increasing. Now, with continued compliance, we expect substantial recovery of the ozone layer by the late 21st century. The day the Montreal Protocol was agreed upon, 16 September, is now celebrat ...
Twenty Questions and Answers About the Ozone Layer
... accumulation of ODSs has slowed and begun to decrease. In response, global ozone depletion is no longer increasing. Now, with continued compliance, we expect substantial recovery of the ozone layer by the late 21st century. The day the Montreal Protocol was agreed upon, 16 September, is now celebrat ...
... accumulation of ODSs has slowed and begun to decrease. In response, global ozone depletion is no longer increasing. Now, with continued compliance, we expect substantial recovery of the ozone layer by the late 21st century. The day the Montreal Protocol was agreed upon, 16 September, is now celebrat ...
Ozone Layer: Existence and Anthropogenic Depletion
... The slide shows the area of the ozone hole in recent years compared to longer term averages, and an image of the current year September 25 ozone hole. Solomon’s warning is well taken. In April and May of 2005, Nature News articles reported that the Arctic ozone hole suffered the biggest losses ever ...
... The slide shows the area of the ozone hole in recent years compared to longer term averages, and an image of the current year September 25 ozone hole. Solomon’s warning is well taken. In April and May of 2005, Nature News articles reported that the Arctic ozone hole suffered the biggest losses ever ...
Nature template - PC Word 97
... transport processes. For example, at an altitude of ~45 km, where O(1D) peaks, chem is ~108 s for O(1D) + CO2 but only ~10-5 s for the collisional quenching of O(1D); that for trans is ~107 s, and the age of air entering from the troposphere is ~108 s (21). During the time air ascends from the tr ...
... transport processes. For example, at an altitude of ~45 km, where O(1D) peaks, chem is ~108 s for O(1D) + CO2 but only ~10-5 s for the collisional quenching of O(1D); that for trans is ~107 s, and the age of air entering from the troposphere is ~108 s (21). During the time air ascends from the tr ...
Week 7 - Ozone Diagrams
... Why has the ozone hole stayed nearly constant for the last 10 years? The short answer is that it’s about as bad as it can get. The size of the ozone hole is largely controlled by atmospheric weather conditions, such as how cold the winter is, and how variable winds are. Even if there was more chlori ...
... Why has the ozone hole stayed nearly constant for the last 10 years? The short answer is that it’s about as bad as it can get. The size of the ozone hole is largely controlled by atmospheric weather conditions, such as how cold the winter is, and how variable winds are. Even if there was more chlori ...
Climate Change and Atmospheric Chemistry: How Will
... spanning from the upper troposphere to the lower stratosphere. 300 hPa represents an altitude of about 9 km, 100 hPa about 16 km, 70 hPa about 18 km, 50 hPa about 21 km, and 30 hPa about 24 km. The vertical broken lines mark the years of large volcanic eruptions: Agung (March 1963), El Chichon (Apri ...
... spanning from the upper troposphere to the lower stratosphere. 300 hPa represents an altitude of about 9 km, 100 hPa about 16 km, 70 hPa about 18 km, 50 hPa about 21 km, and 30 hPa about 24 km. The vertical broken lines mark the years of large volcanic eruptions: Agung (March 1963), El Chichon (Apri ...
L’atmosfera terrestre - 1
... Chemical composition and structure The chemical composition of the troposphere is mostly molecular Nitrogen N2 and molecular Oxygen O2 (approximately 3:4 and 1:4 respectively), with traces of the noble gas Argon and of water vapor (the water vapor concentration may be as high as 3% at the equator, ...
... Chemical composition and structure The chemical composition of the troposphere is mostly molecular Nitrogen N2 and molecular Oxygen O2 (approximately 3:4 and 1:4 respectively), with traces of the noble gas Argon and of water vapor (the water vapor concentration may be as high as 3% at the equator, ...
"Dynamics and Circulation of Venus and Titan"
... Venus is the second closest planet to the Sun, has no moons, and it is the most Earthlike astronomical object in our solar system (see Table 2.1). Despite this similarity, Earth and Venus have very distinct characteristics. To explain this, if we assume that at their formation the composition was th ...
... Venus is the second closest planet to the Sun, has no moons, and it is the most Earthlike astronomical object in our solar system (see Table 2.1). Despite this similarity, Earth and Venus have very distinct characteristics. To explain this, if we assume that at their formation the composition was th ...
the middle atmosphere and its sensitivity to climate
... show signs of recovery. Since gas-phase ozone chemistry is temperature dependent, such that ozone and temperature are anti-correlated, ozone recovery may be accelerated by CO2 increases, and also, the ozone depletion observed in the past could have been more severe than without the CO2 -induced cool ...
... show signs of recovery. Since gas-phase ozone chemistry is temperature dependent, such that ozone and temperature are anti-correlated, ozone recovery may be accelerated by CO2 increases, and also, the ozone depletion observed in the past could have been more severe than without the CO2 -induced cool ...
Structure and Composition of the Lower and Middle Atmosphere
... 1.1 The Evolution of the Earth’s Atmosphere The history of the Earth’s atmosphere prior to one billion years ago is not clearly known. Scientists have studied fossils and made chemical analysis of rocks to find out how life on Earth evolved to its present form. Several theories have been suggested. I ...
... 1.1 The Evolution of the Earth’s Atmosphere The history of the Earth’s atmosphere prior to one billion years ago is not clearly known. Scientists have studied fossils and made chemical analysis of rocks to find out how life on Earth evolved to its present form. Several theories have been suggested. I ...
Chapter 16: Organic Air Pollutants and Photochemical Smog
... isoprene, and limonene, shown in Figure 16.1, terpenes contain alkenyl (olefinic) bonds, in some cases two or more per molecule. Because of these and other structural features, terpenes are among the most reactive compounds in the atmosphere. The reaction of terpenes with hydroxyl radical is very ra ...
... isoprene, and limonene, shown in Figure 16.1, terpenes contain alkenyl (olefinic) bonds, in some cases two or more per molecule. Because of these and other structural features, terpenes are among the most reactive compounds in the atmosphere. The reaction of terpenes with hydroxyl radical is very ra ...
Long-term monitoring of stratospheric composition by UV
... Trend of stratospheric BrO at 60°N and 45°S Bromine contributes significantly to the global ozone loss (by about 25%) – BrO is the most abundant bromine species during daytime Stratospheric BrO columns retrieved by applying a profiling technique to the ground-based zenith-sky DOAS observations ...
... Trend of stratospheric BrO at 60°N and 45°S Bromine contributes significantly to the global ozone loss (by about 25%) – BrO is the most abundant bromine species during daytime Stratospheric BrO columns retrieved by applying a profiling technique to the ground-based zenith-sky DOAS observations ...
INTRODUCTION TO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY:
... upper atmosphere above 40 km altitude, where the water vapor concentration is very low. The bottleneck for transporting water vapor from the surface to the upper atmosphere is the vertical crossing of the tropopause, which takes place in the tropics. Consider an air parcel saturated with respect to ...
... upper atmosphere above 40 km altitude, where the water vapor concentration is very low. The bottleneck for transporting water vapor from the surface to the upper atmosphere is the vertical crossing of the tropopause, which takes place in the tropics. Consider an air parcel saturated with respect to ...
Global Biogeochemical Cycles and the Physical Climate System
... about these global biogeochemical cycles and their role in environmental change requires us to cross the usual boundaries between biology, ecology, oceanography, meteorology, chemistry, and geology. Because of the impact of human activities on the cycles, and consequently the climate, the subject al ...
... about these global biogeochemical cycles and their role in environmental change requires us to cross the usual boundaries between biology, ecology, oceanography, meteorology, chemistry, and geology. Because of the impact of human activities on the cycles, and consequently the climate, the subject al ...
Earth`s Atmosphere - Pickford Public Schools
... is equal to more than one ton. The force of the air weighing down over a unit of area is known as its atmospheric pressure, or air pressure. People and animals are not crushed because molecules inside our bodies are pushing outward to compensate. Air pressure is felt from all directions, not just fr ...
... is equal to more than one ton. The force of the air weighing down over a unit of area is known as its atmospheric pressure, or air pressure. People and animals are not crushed because molecules inside our bodies are pushing outward to compensate. Air pressure is felt from all directions, not just fr ...
Chemical Composition of the Atmosphere
... ozone in the lower stratosphere has a significant impact on the surface UV flux. The highest OH concentrations are present in the tropical middle stratosphere. There are also relatively high OH values in the TTL due to convective uplift of OH precursors. H2O and CO increases in the stratosphere abov ...
... ozone in the lower stratosphere has a significant impact on the surface UV flux. The highest OH concentrations are present in the tropical middle stratosphere. There are also relatively high OH values in the TTL due to convective uplift of OH precursors. H2O and CO increases in the stratosphere abov ...
Methane and hydroxyl..
... leading to toxic living conditions and a cataclysmic increase in UV-B radiation reaching the surface. KPA argue that this scenario could have led to the mass extinction at the Permian-Triassic boundary approximately 250 million years ago [Erwin, 1994; Twitchett, 2006]. [3] While it is clear that lar ...
... leading to toxic living conditions and a cataclysmic increase in UV-B radiation reaching the surface. KPA argue that this scenario could have led to the mass extinction at the Permian-Triassic boundary approximately 250 million years ago [Erwin, 1994; Twitchett, 2006]. [3] While it is clear that lar ...
ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF ATMOSPHERIC XENON
... on samples originating from a different geological area compared to previous studies [4,5] and thus demonstrates that the isotopic fractionation of Archean Xe reflects a global atmospheric signal and not a local effect. Interestingly, after correction for this massdependent fractionation, the 129Xe* ...
... on samples originating from a different geological area compared to previous studies [4,5] and thus demonstrates that the isotopic fractionation of Archean Xe reflects a global atmospheric signal and not a local effect. Interestingly, after correction for this massdependent fractionation, the 129Xe* ...
Atmosphere
... that surrounds the planet. It extends from Earth’s surface to Review Vocabulary outer space. The atmosphere is much different today from what pressure: force exerted on an area it was when Earth was young. New Vocabulary Earth’s early atmosphere, produced by erupting volcanoes, atmosphere contained ...
... that surrounds the planet. It extends from Earth’s surface to Review Vocabulary outer space. The atmosphere is much different today from what pressure: force exerted on an area it was when Earth was young. New Vocabulary Earth’s early atmosphere, produced by erupting volcanoes, atmosphere contained ...
Atmosphere of Mars

The atmosphere of Mars is the layer of gases surrounding Mars. It is, like that of Venus, composed mostly of carbon dioxide, but is far thinner. There has been renewed interest in its composition since the detection of traces of methane in 2003 that may indicate life but may also be produced by a geochemical process, volcanic or hydrothermal activity.The atmospheric pressure on the Martian surface averages 600 pascals (0.087 psi), about 0.6% of Earth's mean sea level pressure of 101.3 kilopascals (14.69 psi) and only 0.0065% of Venus's 9.2 megapascals (1,330 psi). It ranges from a low of 30 pascals (0.0044 psi) on Olympus Mons's peak to over 1,155 pascals (0.1675 psi) in the depths of Hellas Planitia. This pressure is well below the Armstrong limit for the unprotected human body. Mars's atmospheric mass of 25 teratonnes compares to Earth's 5148 teratonnes with a scale height of about 11 kilometres (6.8 mi) versus Earth's 7 kilometres (4.3 mi).The Martian atmosphere consists of approximately 96% carbon dioxide, 1.9% argon, 1.9% nitrogen, and traces of free oxygen, carbon monoxide, water and methane, among other gases, for a mean molar mass of 43.34 g/mol. The atmosphere is quite dusty, giving the Martian sky a light brown or orange-red color when seen from the surface; data from the Mars Exploration Rovers indicate that suspended dust particles within the atmosphere are roughly 1.5 micrometres across.On 16 December 2014, NASA reported detecting an unusual increase, then decrease, in the amounts of methane in the atmosphere of the planet Mars; as well as, detecting Martian organic chemicals in powder drilled from a rock by the Curiosity rover. Also, based on deuterium to hydrogen ratio studies, much of the water at Gale Crater on Mars was found to have been lost during ancient times, before the lakebed in the crater was formed; afterwards, large amounts of water continued to be lost.On 18 March 2015, NASA reported the detection of an aurora that is not fully understood and an unexplained dust cloud in the atmosphere of Mars.On 4 April 2015, NASA reported studies, based on measurements by the Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM) instrument on the Curiosity rover, of the Martian atmosphere using xenon and argon isotopes. Results provided support for a ""vigorous"" loss of atmosphere early in the history of Mars and were consistent with an atmospheric signature found in bits of atmosphere captured in some Martian meteorites found on Earth.