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Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
Table of Contents
Chapter Preview
7.1 The Air Around You
7.2 Air Pressure
7.3 Layers of the Atmosphere
7.4 Energy in Earth’s Atmosphere
7.5 Heat Transfer in the Atmosphere
7.6 Winds
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
Chapter Preview Questions
1. Wind, or moving air, is caused by
a. Earth’s rotation.
b. Earth’s revolution.
c. uneven heating of Earth’s surface.
d. even heating of Earth’s surface.
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
Chapter Preview Questions
1. Wind, or moving air, is caused by
a. Earth’s rotation.
b. Earth’s revolution.
c. uneven heating of Earth’s surface.
d. even heating of Earth’s surface.
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
Chapter Preview Questions
2. The force of the atmosphere pushing against Earth is called
a. air pressure.
b. temperature.
c. wind.
d. humidity.
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
Chapter Preview Questions
2. The force of the atmosphere pushing against Earth is called
a. air pressure.
b. temperature.
c. wind.
d. humidity.
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
Chapter Preview Questions
3. Air pressure near the ocean is ____ air pressure at the top
of a high mountain.
a. greater than
b. less than
c. exactly the same as
d. nearly the same as
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
Chapter Preview Questions
3. Air pressure near the ocean is ____ air pressure at the top
of a high mountain.
a. greater than
b. less than
c. exactly the same as
d. nearly the same as
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
Chapter Preview Questions
4. Air exerts pressure equally in
a. only one direction.
b. two directions.
c. three directions.
d. all directions.
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
Chapter Preview Questions
4. Air exerts pressure equally in
a. only one direction.
b. two directions.
c. three directions.
d. all directions.
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
How do air pressure and temperature vary in
the atmosphere?
Suppose you dove into a pool.
The deeper you went, the more
water there would be above you.
The weight of the water above
causes the pressure to increase
as you go deeper. Like water, air
has weight, and pushes on you
from all directions. Considering
the example above, how do you
think the pressure of the air above
you would change if you climbed
a mountain?
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
Greek Word Origins
Word
atmos
Meaning
Examples
Vapor, gas
Atmosphere
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
Greek Word Origins
Word
exo-
Meaning
Examples
Out, outer
Exosphere
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
Greek Word Origins
Word
meter
Meaning
Examples
Measure
Anemometer, barometer,
thermometer
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
Greek Word Origins
Word
photo-
Meaning
Examples
Light
Photochemical
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
Greek Word Origins
Word
thermos
Meaning
Examples
Heat
Thermosphere
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
Apply It!
Review the Greek origins and meanings in the table. Then predict
the meaning of exosphere. Revise your definition as needed.
Sample: The exosphere is the outer layer or portion of the thermosphere;
from Section 3.
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
End of Chapter
Preview
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
Section 1:
The Air Around You
What is the composition of Earth’s
atmosphere?
How is the atmosphere important to living
things?
What causes smog and acid rain?
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
Composition of the Atmosphere
Earth’s atmosphere is made up of nitrogen, oxygen, carbon
dioxide, water vapor, and many other gases, as well as
particles of liquids and solids.
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
Links on the Atmosphere
Click the SciLinks button for links on the atmosphere.
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
More on Air Pollution
Click the PHSchool.com button for an activity
about air pollution.
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
Oxygen
Click the Video button to watch a movie about oxygen.
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
End of Section:
The Air Around You
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
Section 2:
Air Pressure
What are some of the properties of air?
What instruments are used to measure air
pressure?
How does increasing altitude affect air
pressure and density?
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
Air Pressure
There is a column of air
above you all the time.
The weight of the air in the
atmosphere causes air
pressure.
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
Measuring Air Pressure Activity
Click the Active Art button to open a browser window and
access Active Art about measuring air pressure.
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
Measuring Air Pressure
Air pressure pushes down on the surface of the mercury in
the dish, causing the mercury in the tube to rise. The air
pressure is greater on the barometer on the right, so the
mercury is higher in the tube.
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
Measuring Air Pressure
This diagram shows an aneroid barometer. Changes in air
pressure cause the walls of the airtight metal chamber to flex
in and out. The needle on the dial indicates the air pressure.
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
Air Pressure and Altitude
Air pressure decreases as altitude increases.
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
Altitude and Density
The density of air decreases as altitude increases. Air at sea
level has more gas molecules in each cubic meter than air at
the top of a mountain.
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
End of Section:
Air Pressure
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
Section 3:
Layers of the Atmosphere
What are the four main layers of the
atmosphere?
What are the characteristics of each layer?
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
Layers of the
Atmosphere
The atmosphere is divided into
four main layers: the
troposphere, the stratosphere,
the mesosphere, and the
thermosphere. The
thermosphere is further
divided into the ionosphere
and the exosphere.
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
Changing Temperatures
The graph shows how
temperatures in the atmosphere
change with altitude. Use it to
answer the questions that follow.
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
Changing Temperatures
Reading Graphs:
What two variables are being
graphed? In what unit is each
measured?
Temperature and altitude;
degrees Celsius and
kilometers
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
Changing Temperatures
Reading Graphs:
What is the temperature at
the bottom of the
stratosphere?
Approximately –55ºC
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
Changing Temperatures
Interpreting Data:
Which layer of the
atmosphere has the
lowest temperature?
The thermosphere
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
Changing Temperatures
Making Generalizations:
Describe how temperature
changes as altitude increases
in the troposphere.
Temperature decreases as
altitude increases.
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
More on the Ozone Layer
Click the Planet Diary button for an activity about
the ozone layer.
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
End of Section:
Layers of the
Atmosphere
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
Section 4:
Energy in Earth’s
Atmosphere
In what form does energy from the sun travel
to Earth?
What happens to the sun’s energy when it
reaches Earth?
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
Energy From the Sun
Most of the energy from the sun travels to Earth in the form
of visible light and infrared radiation. A small amount arrives
as ultraviolet radiation.
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
Energy in the Atmosphere
Some sunlight is absorbed or reflected by the atmosphere.
The rest passes through to the surface.
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
Greenhouse Effect
When Earth’s surface is
heated, it radiates most of the
energy back into the
atmosphere as infrared
radiation. Much of this energy
is held by the atmosphere,
warming it.
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
Links on Energy in Earth’s Atmosphere
Click the SciLinks button for links on energy in Earth’s
atmosphere.
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
End of Section:
Energy in Earth’s
Atmosphere
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
Section 5:
Heat Transfer in the
Atmosphere
How is temperature measured?
In what three ways is heat transferred?
How is heat transferred in the troposphere?
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
Temperature and the
Movement of Molecules
The iced tea is cold, so its molecules move slowly. The
herbal tea is hot, so its molecules move faster than the
molecules in the iced tea.
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
Converting Units
Temperatures in weather reports are usually given in Fahrenheit scale, but
scientists use the Celsius scale. Temperature readings can be converted
from the Fahrenheit scale to the Celsius scale using the following
equation:
If the temperature is 68ºF, what is the temperature in degrees Celsius?
ºC = 20ºC
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
Converting Units
Practice Problem
Use the equation to convert the following temperature from
Fahrenheit to Celsius.
35.0ºF
1.67ºC
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
Converting Units
Practice Problem
Use the equation to convert the following temperature from
Fahrenheit to Celsius.
60.0ºF
15.6ºC
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
Converting Units
Practice Problem
Use the equation to convert the following temperature from
Fahrenheit to Celsius.
72.0ºF
22.2ºC
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
How Heat Is Transferred
Heat is transferred in three ways: radiation, conduction, and
convection.
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
Links on Heat Transfer
Click the SciLinks button for links on heat transfer.
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
End of Section:
Heat Transfer in the
Atmosphere
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
Section 6:
Winds
What causes winds?
How do local winds and global winds differ?
Where are the major global wind belts
located?
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
Angle of the Sun’s Rays
Energy from the sun strikes Earth most directly near the
equator. Near the poles, the same amount of energy is
spread out over a larger area.
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
Coriolis Effect
As Earth rotates, the
Coriolis effect turns winds
in the Northern
Hemisphere toward the
right.
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
Global Wind Belts
A series of wind belts
circles Earth. Between
the wind belts are calm
areas where air is rising
or sinking.
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
Global Winds Activity
Click the Active Art button to open a browser window and
access Active Art about global winds.
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
Jet Streams
The jet streams are high-speed bands of winds occurring at
the top of the troposphere.
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
Convection Currents
Click the Video button to watch a movie about
convection currents.
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
End of Section:
Winds
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
QuickTake Quiz
Click to start quiz.