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Our Solar System S8.D.3.1.1-3 1 Universe Galaxy 2 3 )Milky Way Galaxy (Our Galaxy) 4 • Universe All of the matter and energy that exists Everything (all of outer space) There are more stars in Universe than grains of sand in the world • Galaxy collection of stars and nebula contains 100’s of billions of stars Nebula cloud of dust and gas which condenses to form a new star 5 • Solar System- contains: (1) one star (sun) (2) planets, dwarf planets, moons (3) Asteroids, comets, meteoroids 6 Solar System • The Sun is Earth’s closest star • The Sun is the most massive body in our Solar System •The sun is an average-size star in the Milky Way 7 Galaxy How The Sun Produces Energy: Nuclear Fusion • Hydrogen atoms fuse to form helium atoms • Lots of energy is given off in the process (7 forms of EM Radiation) • H + H He + energy Opposite of Nuclear Fission *split atoms (in nuclear power plants) 8 9 What Happened To Pluto? in Aug. 2006 IAU (International Astronomical Union) officially defined a planet PLANET • Orbits the Sun • Nearly Round • Clears its own orbital path around the Sun DWARF PLANET • Orbits the Sun • Nearly Round • Does not clear its own path around the Sun • Now have 8 planets • 5 Dwarf Planets so far (hundreds more to come) • Ceres, Pluto, Haumea, Makemake, Eris New Horizons 10 Inner Planets vs Outer Planets • • • • • • • • • • Small and Rocky Solid Surface Low mass High Density Close to sun Closely spaced orbits Few moons (if any) No rings Terrestrial Planets Mercury,Venus,Earth,Mars Size of planets video clip • • • • • • • • • • Large and Gaseous No solid surface High mass Low Density Far from sun Separated orbits Many moons Many rings Gas giants Jupiter,Saturn, Uranus, Neptune Size of planets video clip #2 11 Mercury • Surface resembles the moon’s • No Moon or Atmosphere (very thin, hardly any) • Shortest Year (88 E days)Revolves faster than any other planet (107,000 mph) and has the shortest distance to travel around the Sun • Long Day Rotates slowly takes 59 E. days • Temperature Range (greatest of any planet) High = 800F Low = -290F *Days and nights are long, so it has lots of time to heat up and cool down. 12 Venus • No Moon • Atmosphere • Very thick clouds made of CO2 and Sulfuric Acid • Atmospheric pressure is 90x greater than Earth’s • Severe Greenhouse Effect because of thick Carbon Dioxide • Hottest Planet @ 900 F • It rains Sulfuric Acid • Day (Longest of any Planet) 243 E. Days • Year 225 E. Days **Day is Longer than a Year on Venus** 13 Mars NASA Planet Fact Site • The Red Planet, because of the iron oxide (rust) in its soil • Day= 24.5 hrs • Year= 1.9 Earth Years • Diameter = about ½ Earth • Less gravity than on Earth • No Liquid water today, although it is thought to have had water and thicker atmosphere in the past. Evidence of dried riverbeds and erosion exists. • A change in climate could be tied to atmospheric changes • 2 Moons: 1. Phobos (14 miles) 2. Deimos (8 miles) probably captured asteroids 14 Mars (Continued) • Permafrost- The soil is permanently frozen. Lots of frozen water in the soil • Atmosphere is very thin and made mainly of carbon dioxide. – Doesn’t retain much heat from the Sun so its average temperature is -81 F • There are strong Dust storms on Mars 15 Mars (Continued) Interesting Features on Mars: • • • • Face Heart Happy Face Crater Woman 16 Mars (Continued) Spacecraft: over 40 launched (some) 1. Mariner 4 1st to visit in 1965 2. Viking I and II landed in 1976 3. Mars Global Surveyor orbit in 1996 4. Pathfinder in 1997 was 1st robotic rover on mars 5. Mars Odyssey orbit in 2001 6. Spirit and Opportunity twin rovers in 2004 7. Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter orbit in 2006 8. Phoenix Lander landed in 2008 9. Curosity Rover- landed in August 2012 Twn Rovers 10. Maven- launched in Nov 2013 and arrived in orbit in sept spirit rover 2014 to study the atmosphere Phoenix and possible climate change 7 minutes of terror clip Drive ME! virtual mars 17 Asteroid Belt • Hundreds of thousands of rocks that orbit the sun between Mars and Jupiter • If all asteroids joined together, they would make an object much smaller than our moon • Thought to be matter that failed to join with a planet because of Jupiter’s strong gravitational pull. • Made of Rock and Metal • Irregular shape (not spherical) • Vary in size • Smaller than planets • None have atmospheres • More than 10 missions to asteroids • Video clip: How to prevent a collision? 18 Comets • Long elliptical orbits that take them far from the sun beyond Pluto and closer to the Sun than Earth. • Made of Rock, Dust, and Ice • Smaller than planets • Irregular shaped • Develop a tail as they get close to the sun 19 Meteoroid • rocky objects; smaller than asteroids and comets • Broken off pieces of planets, moons, asteroids, or comets Meteor • a meteoroid burning in Earth’s atmosphere • seen as a flash of light • “shooting star” Meteorite • a meteor that does not completely burn up in the atmosphere • strikes the ground 20 Jupiter • • • • • • • Largest Planet Very thick atmosphere of H and He - 240 F at cloud tops Thin ring system Over 60 moons (4 major) Shortest day (10 hrs) Great Red Spot – 2-3x size of earth – Hurricane like storm going on for thousands of years 21 Saturn • • • • • • 2nd largest planet Only planet that would float in water (least dense planet) - 290 F at cloud tops Over 60 moons Very thick atmosphere of H and He Most extensive Ring system of any planet • ring particles are made almost entirely of water ice, with some contamination from dust and other chemicals. 22 Uranus and Neptune • • • • • Thick atmosphere made of mainly H and He Both approx. -360 F at cloud tops Both have thin ring systems Uranus is tipped on its side and has 27 moons Neptune has 14 moons 23