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Unification of Italy Introduction Central Europe was composed of hundreds of different kingdoms from the Middle Ages until the 19th Century In the 1800s, both Italy and Germany will become unified nations both will be led by the American, French, and Industrial Revolutions Unification of Italy: 1815: Italy did not exist The peninsula was divided into many different, independent states Some states were ruled by foreign powers Many in Italy did not speak the same dialect of Italian Poor trade and transportation did not allow goods or people to flow in Italy Early Attempts Risorgimento: the name given to the movement for Italian unity The word means “resurgence or revival” The most effective speaker of the movement was Giuseppe Mazzini He was a native of Genoa 1831: he founded “Young Italy”—a secret society devoted to transforming Italy into a unified nation He wanted to create a nation-state in Italy January 1848: a revolution occurs in Sicily, supported by Mazzini Large uprisings took place in Italy after people heard the news of revolution in France and Austria The Italians were trying to drive the Austrian rulers out of Lombardy and Venetia—2 Italian areas controlled by Austria The king of Sardinia—Charles Albert—joined with the other Italians to help drive out the Austrians Other Italian states soon joined in—Naples, Tuscany, and the Papal States April 1848: The Italian forces had almost driven the Austrians out of Lombardy and Venetia The Pope (Pius IX) decided the pull his troops out of the conflict—he was against fighting another Catholic nation—Austria After Pius removed his troops, so did Naples and Tuscany Charles Albert (Sardinia) was left to fight against Austria alone Austria quickly defeated Charles Albert and held on to Lombardy and Venetia Italian Nationalists were mad and outraged at the Pope November 1848: Italian Nationalists attack the Pope in Rome the Pope is forced to flee for his life The Nationalists make Rome into a Republic Giuseppe Mazzini is made head of the Roman Republic Many Catholic nations are made at the Italian nationalists for attacking the Pope France—led by Louis Napoleon—sent troops to help restore the Pope’s power French troops overpowered Mazzini’s Republic and restored the Pope’s power The Italian Nationalists lost confidence in Mazzini The Nationalists turned to Charles Albert and Sardinia to lead their unification hopes Giuseppe Mazzini Louis Napoleon Count Camillo di Cavour 1849: Charles Albert died His son—Victor Emmanuel II—becomes king of Sardinia Victor will try to keep the nationalists’ hopes alive Victor will get lots of help from one of his advisors—Count Camillo di Cavour Count Camillo di Cavour Victor Emmanuel II By 1854—Cavour had control over the Council of Ministers in Sardinia—like Parliament He promoted: Industrial growth The reduction in the Catholic Church’s power National unity Cavour realized the only way that Italy could get rid of Austrian control in Lombardy and Venetia was to get help from an outside nation To get this help, he supported France and Great Britain in the Crimean War 1854: Sardinia sent forces to aid the French and British Participation in the war allowed Sardinia into the Congress of Paris –the meetings that drew up the peace after the war War with Austria 1858: Cavour met with Napoleon III—Louis Napoleon—of France Napoleon III promised to give Sardinia help in a war with Austria Cavour was seeking the “help” he wanted from France In return for his help, Sardinia agreed to give Napoleon III the provinces of Savoy and Nice if they were successful in driving out the Austrians Now that he had help, Cavour forced Austria to declare war on Sardinia Cavour encouraged the people of Lombardy to revolt against their Austrian rulers April 1859: Austria declares war on Sardinia Napoleon sent 120,000 French troops French and Sardinian troops defeat the Austrians at Magenta and Solferino in June 1859 Although a victory, the French suffered heavy losses Napoleon feared he would lose public support in France if he kept fighting in the war Napoleon III pulled all of his troops out of the war effort in July 1859 without telling Cavour Napoleon III signed a treaty with the emperor of Austria (Francis Joseph) The treaty stipulated: 1.) Lombardy would be given to Sardinia 2.) Austria would still control Venetia Cavour did not like the terms of the treaty and urged Victor Emmanuel to keep fighting Victor refused to keep fighting, believing he could not win without France’s help Fighting did not stop 1859 & 1860: people in Tuscany, Parma, Modena, and the Papal States continued to fight and overthrew their governments The new governments in these states wanted to join with Sardinia To get Napoleon III to allow these areas to join with Sardinia, Cavour gives Savoy and Nice to France April 1860: Victor Emmanuel accepted Tuscany, Parma, Modena, and the Papal States into his kingdom Garibaldi and the South The southern parts of Italy were isolated from the revolutions When the king of the Kingdom of the 2 Sicilies died, the Italian nationalists prepared for revolution in the south The leader of the southern nationalists was Giuseppe Garibaldi Giuseppe Garibaldi Garibaldi was a member of Mazzini’s “Young Italy” 1830: Garibaldi was forced to leave Italy He traveled to South America and fought in the South America revolutions While in South America, he learned guerrilla warfare 1848: Garibaldi returned to Italy and was part of Mazzini’s Roman Republic 1849: he fled Italy and went to the United States 1860: he returned when he believed southern Italy was ready for revolution—the king of the Kindgdom of 2 Sicilies died 1860: Garibaldi 1st goes to Genoa to collect volunteers He then set out for Sicily At 1st, his troops met with defeat Garibaldi rallied his troops to eventually control the island of Sicily After taking the island of Sicily, Garibaldi and his troops moved to the mainland of Sicily He began marching toward Naples Garibaldi’s “red shirts” were able to take Naples Count Cavour becomes very nervous about Garibaldi’s success in the south Cavour questioned Garibaldi’s political ambitions To keep Garibaldi from moving any further north, Cavour sent Sardinian troops into the Papal States—a buffer against Garibaldi Sept. 1860: the Sardinian army defeated the Papal army at Castelfidero Oct 1860: voters in Southern Italy supported union with Sardinia The victory ensured that Cavour would be in control of unification in Italy Garibaldi surrendered everything he had taken over to Victor Emmanuel 1861: Everything except for Rome and Venetia were united under one government Victory Emmanuel II was made king of the constitutional monarchy in Italy Creating a New Nation Cavour died only 3 months after Sardinia had taken over most of Italy Italy still faced problems as a new nation Cultural and economic divisions between northern and southern Italy 1.) South Poor, agricultural 2.) North Developing industry Sardinia tried to force its laws on the other states The other states began to resent Sardinia Eventually the Italian government took steps to help unify the people: Created a unified military Created a national education system Built railroads The people began to argue over where the country’s capital should be Most people wanted Rome to be the capital One problem: Rome was still controlled by the Pope who was being protected by French soldiers If the Italians were going to try to get Rome, why not try to get Venetia from Austria, too 1866: Italy allies with Prussia in a War with Austria—the Seven Weeks War Prussia promised to give Venetia to Italy if they defeated Austria in the war Italy actually gets defeated by Austria, but Prussia defeated Austria Prussia lived up to their promise and gave the area of Venetia to Italy 1870: War breaks out between France and Prussia— Franco-Prussian War Napoleon III is forced to remove his troops protecting the Pope He needed those troops to help him fight against Prussia Italian troops entered Rome and took the Pope’s territory 1871: Victor Emmanuel II moved the capital from Florence to Rome Italy was finally unified Unification of Germany Intro Germany was the last of the great European nations to unify 1815: Germany was a collection of 39 loosely independent states Austria and Prussia were the most powerful states in the loose confederation Austria and Prussia were also rivals Germany was economically and industrially divided—making the area weak Two other activities made the area weak 1.) Reformation 2.) Thirty Years’ War By 1871: Germany was unified without the inclusion of Austria and Switzerland Steps Toward Unity 1815: the Congress of Vienna established the German Confederation The German Confederation was created as a buffer to French expansion Germany was already beginning to take steps at unification by establishing closer economic ties between the states The German Confederation was loosely tied together with a diet—council—at Frankfurt, Austria Austria dominated the German Confederation Austria’s position as the head of the diet always brought the state into conflict with Prussia—the other powerful German state Austria and many of the smaller German states did not want German unification!!! Austria was afraid of the economic competition that unification would cause— they did not want to lose their economic dominance The smaller states were afraid of Prussia— the largest German State Prussia was the largest of the German Confederation states Prussia had a very well organized government Prussia had a very strong economy—this point scared Austria Junkers—aristocratic landowners—held all political power in Prussia The business classes in the German Confederation were clamoring for more political power 1834: the Junkers in Prussia called for a Zollverein—an economic union The Zollverein was a way to reduce trade barriers among the different states of the German Confederation The Zollverein reduced tariffs and trade barriers between the states, creating lower prices and more uniform prices The Zollverein also created a standardized currency, a standard set of weights and measures, and strengthened the business classes in the German Confederation ***the creation of the Zollverein helped Prussia gain a lot of political influence in the German Confederation**** Rise of Bismarck 1861: William I becomes king of Prussia after his brother—Frederick William IV— died William believed that by developing a very strong military, Prussia could establish its position of leadership in the German Confederation William wanted to expand the Prussian military There was one thing standing in the way of William’s expanding the Prussian military: German nationalists were afraid that the Junkers would control the military German nationalists in the Prussian Assembly voted against new taxes that would have raised money for the military William I was outraged by this defeat in the Prussian Assembly William answered this defeat by appointing a new Prime Minister in Prussia—Otto von Bismarck Bismarck had the same ideas as William William I Otto von Bismarck Bismarck: He was a Junker He had served in the Prussian Assembly He had been an ambassador to France and Russia He believed in the idea of realpolitik • Realpolitik—the right of the state to pursue its own advantage by any means, including war and the repudiation of treaties September 1862: Bismarck went against the Prussian Assembly and began collecting his own taxes to build the larger Prussian military Three Wars Bismarck had no real problems about going to war Bismarck had 3 goals as the Prussian Prime Minister: “Show me an objective worthy of war and I will go along with you.”--Bismarck 1.) raise $ for military expansion 2.) use the military to make Austria weak 3.) unify all of Germany without the inclusion of Austria and Switzerland To accomplish all 3 of his goals, Bismarck will go to war 3 times 1.) Danish War: The Danish king had inherited the territories of Schleswig and Holstein Schleswig was part German and Danish Holstein was all German 1863: the Danish king made Schleswig into a Danish province this act caused the Germans in both Schleswig and Holstein to ask the German Confederation for help in becoming free from Danish control 1864: to keep the Danish from taking Schleswig, Bismarck got Austria to join with Prussia in a war against Denmark The two rivals actually will work together Prussia and Austria quickly won the war against Denmark Denmark was forced out of the 2 provinces of Schleswig and Holstein Prussia and Austria made an agreement about the provinces of Schleswig and Holstein: A.) Prussia took control of Schleswig B.) Austria took control of Holstein This agreement put further stress on the strained relationship between Austria and Prussia This stress was exactly what Bismarck wanted The Danish War accomplished 2 goals for Bismarck: A.) Europe saw the power of Prussia B.) The tensions with Austria after the war gave Bismarck an excuse to go to war with Austria 2.) Seven Weeks’ War: Bismarck began preparing for war with Austria even before the Danish War had begun Bismarck wanted to strip Austria of her allies before ever going to war with Austria A.) 1863: he gained Russia’s support by offering the czar aid against Polish rebels B.) he offered France “compensations” for being neutral if a war broke out between Austria and Prussia C.) he made an alliance with Italy supporting Italy’s claim to Venetia When Austria sided with the Duke of Augustenburg, Bismarck gained a lot of public support with his claims against Austria The Duke of Augustenburg claimed to control both Schleswig and Holstein To keep an alliance from forming between the Duke and Austria, Bismarck ordered Prussian troops to go into Austrian controlled Holstein An attempt to get Austria to act Austria demanded that the German Confederation take action against Prussia for Prussia’s taking of Holstein This caused Bismarck to declare war on Austria—exactly what Bismarck had wanted all along 15, 1866: The Seven Weeks’ War officially began 7 weeks later, the war was over Prussia quickly defeated Austria Prussia received Holstein Prussia will give Venetia to Italy The treaty ending the war called for “a new organization of Germany without the participation of Austria” June this “new organization” was created—North German Confederation In this newly formed confederation, each state could care for its own domestic affairs Foreign policy in the confederation would be handled by Prussia Bismarck had not quite united Germany, but he was close 1867: 3: Franco-Prussian War: The states in Southern Germany—mostly Catholic states—were not part of the newly formed North German Confederation Most of these states were afraid of Protestant Prussia’s strong military These southern states will have to choose whether or not to join with Prussia The Franco-Prussian war will help these states make their choice The real threat to complete German unification was not the southern states, but France Napoleon III would not accept German unification unless France received some territory—the “compensation” that France was promised for staying neutral in the Seven Weeks’ War Bismarck NEVER intended on giving France anything, thus he decided to go to war with France Bismarck knew he could not invade France without the support of the public in Prussia Bismarck decided to lure France into a war with Prussia Luckily for Bismarck, history fell right into place for him 1868: a revolution occurred in Spain, taking the Spanish Queen off of the throne The Spanish throne was offered to Prince Leopold of Hohenzollern He was not Spanish, but German Leopold was the Catholic cousin to King William I of Prussia Napoleon III feared a Spanish-German alliance the alliance would place France in the middle of the 2 nations July 1870: Napoleon III sent a telegram to William I asking William to convince his cousin not to take the Spanish throne William was on vacation at a resort in Ems William sent the telegram to Bismarck, knowing Bismarck could find a use for the telegram Bismarck altered the telegram and had the altered telegram published in nearly every European newspaper Napoleon III read the altered telegram and was outraged at what Bismarck had done Napoleon III quickly declared war on Prussia— exactly what Bismarck had planned! July 19, 1870: the Franco-Prussian War began The southern German states decided to join with Prussia against France France was quickly defeated in only 6 weeks Bismarck gained lots of support from all of the German states to create a unified Germany under Prussian control Formation of an Empire January 8, 1871: William I took the title of Kaiser (emperor) of the newly united Germany Bismarck became William’s chancellor The new empire united 25 German states into one federal union Each state kept its own ruler and diplomatic staff The Kaiser was the head of national government The Kaiser had certain powers • Make appointments • Command the military • Determined foreign policy A unified Germany was finally established, without the inclusion of Austrian and Switzerland Just as Bismarck had wanted all along Bismarck’s Realm Introduction Victory on the battlefield brought Germany political unification, but the people were not United There were religious, economic, social and political divisions still in Germany Bismarck attempted to fix many of the problems in the newly formed Germany Bismarck and the Church Bismarck’s 1st challenge came from the Catholic Church Kulturkampf—cultural struggle between Church and State Catholics in Germany feared the Protestant Prussians who united Germany the Catholics created their own political party—The Center Party Bismarck saw Catholicism as an antinational force he did not like Catholics He was also annoyed at the popularity of the Center Party 1870-he became worried about a proclamation handed down by the Catholic Church that said the Pope and his decisions were free from error—Papal Infallibility Bismarck, also, disliked the Jesuits he saw the Jesuits as papal agents working to destroy the Germany Empire 1872—Bismarck kicked the Jesuits out of Germany 1873—Bismarck persuaded the German legislature to pass the May Laws the May Laws took powers away from Catholic Bishops in Germany, going as far as saying that weddings had to be performed by secular officials—not Church officials most of what Bismarck did to weaken the Church failed—it only made more people move over to the Center Party Industry Before unification, Germany was not that industrialized Bismarck wanted to make Germany into an industrial power He encouraged efforts to expand Germany’s industry After unification, investment capital flowed into Germany from Great Britain, France, and Belgium The $ helped to modernize Germany’s production and factories Development of deep pit coal mining along the Rhine River and the creation of new coal mines in the Saar made coal cheap in Germany cheap coal meant cheap fuel for the growing German factories German workers faced low wages and poor conditions—they wanted a change 1863—Ferdinand Lassalle created the German Workingmen’s Association the organization sought to make changes in Germany to better conditions for workers—a socialist organization Bismarck and the Socialists Bismarck did not like the socialists—he thought they were out to change or destroy the newly created German Empire Bismarck really wanted to destroy any socialist movement in Germany—to keep the empire safe To destroy the socialists, Bismarck set out to destroy the socialists’ organization Bismarck got his opportunity when a former socialist attempted to assassinate William I Bismarck tried to push a bill through the German Legislature that would ban all socialist activity in Germany Unfortunately for Bismarck, the Legislature did not pass his bill Bismarck reacted by dissolving the Legislature and held new elections the new Legislature passed the antisocialist bill in 1878 the law banned all socialist meetings and publications, but did not ban the socialist party the law was not very successful because of the law’s lack of success, Bismarck began to show that he could help improve conditions for workers He directed the passage of several laws that gave workers security and comfort 1.) 1883—Sickness Insurance Law gave limited compensation to workers who missed work because of an illness 2.) 1889—Old Age Insurance Law the law protected industrial workers in retirement the socialist party still remained very popular even though Bismarck was trying to get rid of it Fall of Bismarck 1888—Kaiser William I died at the age of 91 William’s son—Crown Prince Frederick—took the throne and became Frederick III Frederick was a liberal Frederick and Bismarck did not get along A young Frederick III Frederick only ruled for about 100 days before he died Frederick’s son—William II—took the throne in 1888. William was 29 years old and full of ideas and energy Kaiser William II Bismarck could always get his way under William I—he would threaten to resign if William I would not give Bismarck his way William II would not play the game When Bismarck threatened to resign over an issued the William II would not give in to, William accepted Bismarck’s resignation (1890) Bismarck’s bluff did not work with William II Bismarck did create a very strong and powerful Germany by 1913, Germany’s standing army was over 800,000 soldiers and the most powerful in the world Bismarck had helped to create a very powerful empire Empire of the Czars-Russia Introduction ► early 1800s—Russia stretched from Europe to the Pacific Ocean. more than 60 nationalities existed over 100 different languages were spoken in Russia serfdom still existed the economy was based on agriculture very little industry had developed in Russia ► the government in Russia was an Autocracy—a government in which one person rules with absolute authority ► the government had not really changed since the days of Peter the Great Autocracy on the Defense 1.) Alexander I (18011825) ► czar Alexander wanted to improve Russia’s system of government ► the Napoleonic wars, however, convinced Alexander that change could be dangerous ► the Russian officers who fought against Napoleon were impressed by the reforms they saw in Western Europe and wanted to implement these same reforms in Russia ► ► ► many officers joined in secret societies to discuss the need for reform in Russia --these officers stayed quiet until Alexander’s death in 1825 ► December 1825: the officers led a revolt against the government after Alexander died—Decembrist Revolt ► the Decembrist revolt was quickly crushed ► the revolt did serve to inspire later revolutionaries in Russia ► unfortunately, the uprisings caused the new Czar—Nicholas I—to make the autocracy stronger and set out to crush all of his opposition Alexander I ► ► ► ► 2.) Nicholas I (1825-1855) Nicholas I gave the secret police more power—unlimited power to arrest and imprison people without trial he also censored the press even though he tried to crush liberal ideas, demands for reform in Russian still persisted Czar Nicholas I 3.) Alexander II (1855-1881) and Reforms Alexander witnessed Russia’s humiliating defeat in the Crimean war ► the loss illustrated that Russia was lagging behind the other European powers ► ► Alexander realized that Russia’s reliance on serf labor made the nation backwards ► for Russian to progress, Russian needed to industrialize for Russia to develop industry, Russian needed a labor force; however, that labor force was tied up farming— the serfs the serfs could not move from the land; therefore, Russia could not develop industry Czar Alexander II ► to provide labor for industry, the serfs needed to be freed ► *March 3, 1861: Alexander freed the serfs although free, the serfs received no individual land instead, the serf villages (mirs) were given land, but the serfs had to pay 50-year mortgages on the land ► the peasants could not leave the mirs until the land was paid for; therefore, the serfs (peasants) were still tied to the land ► slowly, the serfs were able to move away from the rural areas and into the cities ► freeing the serfs also changed the local governments ► 1864: a new law changed the local governments in Russia ► Zemstvos—locally elected assemblies— took charge of provincial matters such as education and health care ► 3 groups could vote in Zemstvo elections nobility wealthy townspeople peasants ► Terror and Reaction: ► not all people were in favor of Alexander’s II reforms ► the most vocal critics of Alexander’s government were intellectuals and students from the upper and middle classes ► 1870s—many reformers became active in a movement called Populism ► the Populists believed that the peasants would lead a revolution, overthrow the czar, and create a socialist society ► groups of college students would travel to the peasant communities to “convince” the peasants that they needed to rebel ► the peasants were too busy struggling to survive and suspicious of the young students ► the peasants turned the students over to the police ► since the Populists could not get the peasants to revolt, the Populists—and other revolutionaries— turned violent ► starting in 1866, many revolutionaries attempted to assassinate Alexander II Alexander was deeply bothered by the attacks Alexander drafted a plan to create a National Assembly—giving more power to the people Alexander never got the chance to propose his plan to the people 1881—Alexander was killed by an exploding bomb his son—Alexander III—vowed to crush all revolutionary movements in Russia ► ► 4.) Alexander III (1881-1894) Alexander III set out to reverse all of his father’s reforms he abolished autonomy in schools he censored the press gave the secret police even more power ► he then instituted russification—an attempt to make all of the people of the empire Russian—to unite all of the provinces russification turned into an attack on all the non-Russians in the empire anyone who questioned the Czar’s authority, spoke a language other than Russian, or followed a religion other than Eastern Orthodoxy risked being persecuted ► Alexander encouraged the pogroms— organized massacres of Jews and Jewish Communities ► 1894—Alexander III died and his son— Nicholas II—became Czar ► many expected Nicholas to be more liberal than his father; however, Nicholas will continue his father’s rigid government ► ► ► 5.) Nicholas II (1894-1917— abdication) by the early 1900s, several revolutionary groups in Russia were following the teachings of Karl Marx these groups believed the working class— not the peasants—would lead revolution Czar Nicholas II ► ► Mensheviks Mensheviks believed that Russian needed to develop into an industrial state with a large working class before a socialist revolution could occur Bolsheviks ► the Bolsheviks—a more radical group—was led by Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (also known as Lenin) ► the Bolsheviks believed that a small party of professional revolutionaries could use force and bring about a socialist society in the very near future ► ► the Socialist groups gained more popularity when Russian went to war with Japan in 1904—Russo-Japanese War Russia and Japan were fighting over land in Manchuria Russia was quickly and easily defeated in the war ► the Russo-Japanese War strained the Russian Economy causing food prices to increase while the people’s wages stayed low ► because of the economic problems, many people began to protest ► Sunday, January 22, 1905—200,000 workers marched in a peaceful procession to the czar’s palace at St. Petersburg asking for reform palace soldiers opened fire on the crowd, killing hundreds of protestors this date is known as Bloody Sunday riots broke out all over Russia as a result of the massacre ► Spring 1905: the 1st soviets—workers’ councils—formed to voice the workers’ demands ► October 1905: angry workers took control of the major cities in a general strike—when workers in all industries go on strike violence erupted in the cities and the rural areas ► Nicholas II reacted by announcing a law providing for the election of a National Assembly—The Duma he was giving in to the demands of his people ► Nicholas also issued the October Manifesto—giving civil rights to citizens and allowing the Duma to make laws Austria-Hungary Introduction Austria was very much like Russia—it lacked a true national and geographical unity Austria was still very feudal at the beginning of the 1800s powerful nobles controlled a very large peasant population the Austrian government was also very much against revolution and used strict censorship and arrests to curtail any revolutionary movement Revolution of 1848 the revolutionary movement that began in France in 1848 spread to Austria nationalist groups demanded freedom of speech and the press, relief for the peasants, and they wanted a representative government the Austrian empire seemed on the verge dissolution politics worsened, causing the Austrian emperor— Francis Ferdinand—to resign his nephew—Francis Joseph—took the throne in October of 1848 Francis Joseph was only 18 when he assumed the Austrian throne Francis Joseph moved very quickly to restore order in Austria he ruled for 68-years; however, he constantly struggled to keep power in Austria he did lose a lot of the Austrian empire during his rule 1859—he lost Lombardy to Italy 1866—he lost Venetia to Italy Francis Joseph Dual Monarchy the real threats to Francis Joseph’s authority came from the Magyars of Hungary, part of the Austrian Empire after Austria was defeated in the Seven Weeks’ War, Austria sought to make a compromise with Hungary, and Hungary agreed to preserve its own national existence 1867, Austria and Hungary finally reach an agreement—Ausgleich (Compromise of 1867) the compromise restored Hungary’s “independence” and divided the Austrian empire into a dual monarchy—the empire of Austrian and the kingdom of Hungary Francis Joseph, however, still remained in control of both areas he was still emperor of Austrian, and the Hungarians made him king of Hungary Austria and Hungary were dependent on each other economically Austria was industrialized and supplied manufactured goods for the dual monarchy Hungary was agricultural and supplied the food for the dual monarchy after the creation of the dual monarchy, Austria’s production of coal, iron, steel, and manufactured goods grew very rapidly Bohemia and Moravia became the leading industrial centers in Austria Powder Keg in the Balkans by the mid-1800s, the Ottoman empire had become very weak and started to slowly lose much of its land 1829: Greece became independent by 1850, the Ottomans had lost the provinces of Moldavia and Wallachia to Russia and Algeria to France Egypt, Arabia, and the Balkan states of Serbia and Montenegro had gained autonomy the rest of Europe watched the slow fall of the Ottoman empire very closely Austria wanted to expand into the Balkan region, partly still held by the Ottomans During the Crimean War (1854-1856), France and Great Britain fought against Russia’s advances in to the weakening Ottoman empire 1877: Russia went to war on the behalf of the Slavic people living in the Balkans the result was the Russo-Turkish War Russia used the war to justify its expansion into the Balkans Russia emerged victorious in the conflict in 1878, the Treaty of San Stefano was drafted, officially ending the war the Treaty of San Stefano created a large, Russian controlled Bulgarian state Great Britain was not happy about Russia’s new acquisition other European nations also began to protest the outcome of the Treaty of San Stefano as a result, a congress of European leaders met in Berlin to revise the Treaty of San Stefano— this became known as the Congress of Berlin the Congress of Berlin divided Bulgaria into 3 parts one part belonged to the Ottomans Serbia, Montenegro, and Romania gained their complete independence Great Britain gained control of Cyprus and Austria-Hungary got the Balkan provinces of Bosnia and Herzegovina The Congress of Berlin did not make many people happy Russia lost everything that it had gained in the Russo-Turkish War the Ottomans lost a lot of their European lands the Congress dealt with the Balkan states inequitably—some gained independence, while others remained controlled by the Ottomans, Great Britain,or Austria-Hungary this unequal treatment will cause a lot of conflict in the Balkans by 1912, the Balkan states had joined forces to free the Ottoman held Balkan lands the free Balkan states formed the Balkan League—Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece, and Montenegro 1912: the Balkan League declared war on Turkey (the Ottoman Turks) the Balkan League defeated the Turks, causing the Ottomans to lose nearly all of their European holdings the victory over the Ottomans caused the Balkan League to fight with itself over the newly acquired land Serbia and Bulgaria disagreed over the treaty that divided up the new lands June 1913: Bulgaria attacked Greece and Serbia July 1913: Romania, Turkey (Ottoman Turks), and Montenegro had joined with Greece and Serbia against Bulgaria Bulgaria is defeated the Treaty of Bucharest took away a lot of the land that Bulgaria had won in the war against the Ottomans the Treaty of Bucharest did not bring a lasting peace to the Balkans Serbia had emerged very powerful Serbia’s power encouraged nationalism among the Slavs in Austria-Hungary these Slavs did not want to live in Austria-Hungary because they had no power or rights, even though the Slavs made up the majority of AustriaHungary’s population these Slavs wanted to join with Serbia this desire to be with Serbia will cause World War I