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Nationalism was the most powerful ideal of the late 1700s/ early 1800s. Increasing numbers of peoples desired self-government and control over their own lives. Inspired by Enlightenment ideals and by the American and French Revolutions. Latin Americans were the first to rise up against their imperial masters. Revolutions also erupted within some European countries 1815-1848. Latin America in 1800 People throughout Latin America inspired by the Enlightenment ideals _____________ French Revolution. and ______ Latin Americans rose up European / against the _________ ________ colonial powers that controlled them with the goal of \winning their independence __________. 100,000 ______ slaves revolted in Saint Dominque (Haiti) ___________________, a French colony. Why? Whites, a small minority, used brutal methods of control. African slaves outnumbered whites, yet slaves had no political power. Inspired by enlightened ideas of liberty and equality Toussanint L’Ouverture (too SAN loo vair TOOR) Ex-slave Agreed to end revolution if French ended slavery. Captured by French and died in French prison. Jean-Jacques Dessalines Victorious general Won Haiti’s independence. Toussaint L’Ouverture 16,000 French troops sent by Napoleon failed put down rebellion to ______________. Ended Napoleon’s plans to do what? Expand French empire in the Americas St. Dominque became first Latin American (and first black colony to free itself _____) European control from _______________. Became independent state Haiti of _________in 1804. Haiti’s Founding Father Jean-Jacques Dessalines Which groups were European (Spanish)? What was the difference between those two groups? Which group was at the top of the social pyramid and held all the power? What was the difference between the Mestizos and the Mulattos? Which group was comprised of slaves with monetary value? Which group was at the bottom of the social pyramid? Which group led most of the revolutions that occurred in Latin America at this time? - Peninsulares - 23% of population -Spaniards born in Lat Am -could NOT hold office but could be serve as officers in army Creoles Mestizos -8% of population -mix of Euro/African less than 1 % of population -born in Spain -only people who could hold high political office -7% of population -mix of Euro/Indians Mulattos Africans - Native Americans (Indians) •56% of population •Little $$ value •Treated the worst of all classes - 6% of population -slaves - $$$ value Well-educated Creole class led the fight for independence in Latin America. Why? Wealthy young Creoles traveled to Europe ________and were influenced by Enlightenment ___________________ideas. mistreated and oppressed Felt ___________________ by Spain. non-Spanish Felt no loyalty to a _________ king: Napoleon’s brother, Joseph, whom Napoleon had placed on the throne in Spain. Peninsular ______________ War in Europe gave the Creoles an opportunity to gain independence from Spain. Gen. Simon Bolivar (wealthy creole) defeated Spanish army and won independence for Venezuela ____________ in 1821. Gen. Jose de San Martin won independence for Argentina and Chile ____________________. Bolivar then defeated Spanish Peru , winning freedom in ______ for all Spanish colonies in America in 1824. Meeting between Bolivar and San Martin in Ecuador, 1821 1. Better military leader. His armies were successful, but he was unable to achieve his political goals of uniting Latin America. 2. Believed Europe’s problem was that there were too many countries and they constantly fought each other. Hoped to form a large country linked to neighboring countries through system of alliances. 3. A partial success? He did a lot to help Latin America achieve independence from Spain, but was unable to achieve his political goals. 1. Hoped to liberate Venezuela, destroy the Spaniards, protect South Americans, and reestablish independent government of Venezuela. 2. Because the Spanish violated the political and civil rights of Venezuelans, broke treaties and agreements, and committed criminal acts against them. 3. Could say that amnesty and reconciliation for traitors who atoned for their actions and cooperated in the cause of liberation were very fair in light of what the Spanish did to the Venezuelans. Could also say that the policy of executing Spaniards who remained neutral was too harsh of a punishment. • priest , Padre Miguel Village ______ Hidalgo, (mee-GEHL ee-THAHL- goh) rang his church bells and called death for all Spaniards! for __________________. Raised and army and killed many Spaniards before being caught and executed by firing squad. Mexico’s revolution was led by which classes? Indians and Mestizos Creoles Mexico’s __________ joined the fight later . independence Mexico won its ___________ Spain from _________.in 1821. Padre Miguel Hidalgo Creoles demanded independence Portugal from _____________ in 1822. king’s son, Dom Pedro Petitioned _______________, to rule them, and after agreeing, he declared Brazil’s independence. What was unique about Brazil’s revolution? No fighting. Bloodless revolution. Brazil’s Royal Liberator Dom Pedro Destruction caused by the wars for independence poorer left Latin America _____ and _______. divided The dream of some for a _______ united _________Latin America quickly fell apart. U.S. warns European nations to stay out of the Western Hemisphere. U.S. regional influence grows. The U.S. becomes the dominant power (the hegemon) throughout Latin America. Congress of Vienna succeeded in between states preventing wars ________ (interstate conflicts) for the next half century. Many revolutions occurred _____ within states, (intrastate conflicts) however, between 1815 and 1848. Liberals ________and nationalists openly conservative revolted against ____________ governments. Conservatives Liberals Radicals Composed of: Wealthy property owners, nobility Middle class business leaders ,merchants. teachers, and lawyers. Lower classes of the cities. Urban poor. What did they want? To protect the monarchies Give more power to elected parliaments Extend democracy to the people – all the people Only let landowners and the educated vote Balkans controlled by Ottoman Empire (Turks) _______________. Greeks _____ revolted against Ottomans in 1821. Greeks gained support around the world and gained independence with help from which powers? British, French, Russians Combined British, French, and Russian fleet destroyed the Turkish-Egyptian fleet. Resulted in treaty granting complete independence to Greece. By 1830, Europe’s old order, reestablished at the Congress of Vienna in ________________ 1815, was breaking down. In a number of countries, liberal _________ nationalists rebelled against _________ conservative rule. self Liberals wanted ___-rule, _________ republican government, nation-states and est. of __________. Belgians gained _________ independence from Dutch control. Italy Uprisings in ______ put down by Austria’s Metternich PM ____________ Poles _________revolted against Russian rule but their rebellion was crushed. Riots against his absolute rule forced French king, Charles X, to flee to Great Britain. Replaced by Louis-Phillippe, liberal who supported _________ reforms. Louis-Phillippe ruled France until 1848 when he lost the support of the people and was forced to abdicate. He was also exiled to Britain. Louis-Phillippe The “Citizen-King” Ethnic uprisings in the Austrian Empire: ________ By Hungarians By Czechs And in Austria itself, Metternich forced to _________ resign after angry mobs clashed with police in Vienna. Monarchy (Louis-Philippe) ________ overthrown Second French Republic __________________ was established. New, moderate constitution results in elected president. Louis-Napoleon Who? _____________ Then what happens? 1848: Elected president and Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte Nephew of Napoleon established republican govt. 1851: Took over government in coup d’etat. 1852: Assumed title of emperor. Reasserted French influence in Europe and abroad. Aggressive foreign policy. 1870: Deposed after losing (and being captured in) the FrancoPrussian War. Exiled to England where he died in 1873. • Which large empires still exist? • Which future countries have not yet unified? • Predict the impact of nationalism on all these territories. UNITY DISUNITY Led to creation of new unified nationstates. Caused some longestablished empires to split and crumble. United and inspired large masses of people. Used by leaders to whip up support for war and foreign conquest. Three aging empires: 1) Austrian (Hapsburg) 2) Ottoman 3) Russian All three included many ethnic groups different __________. weakened Ethnic unrest _______ all three empires. Empire included Hungarians, Germans, Czechs, Slovaks, Croats, Poles, Serbs, Slavs, Italians. Weakened by the competing demands of all these different ethnic groups __________. In compromise with nonGerman Hungarians, Emperor Franz Joseph split Austrian empire in half in 1866. “Duel Monarchy” formed with Austria ______________ and Hungary becoming separate and equal states. Separate constitutions and separate parliaments. Same Hapsburg ruler would be emperor of Austria and king of Hungary. Common ministry for finance, foreign affairs, and war. Franz Joseph AustriaHungary was permanently dismantled after what event? World War I Comprised of Russians, Ukrainians, Lithuanians, Estonians, Finns, Jews, Romanians, Georgians, Latvians, Armenians, and Turks. Each had its own culture. Russian culture Russification– forcing ______________on all nationalist ethnic groups – strengthened _________feelings. Rising nationalism caused disunity and weakened World War I the empire, which could not survive __________ revolution 1917. or the communist ______________of The Ottomans (Turks) controlled Greeks, Slavs, Arabs, Bulgarians, and Armenians. citizenship to all people Granted ________ under its rule. conservative Turks This angered _____________. Disunity follows… empire broke apart after _______________. World War I Italian city-states unify and become Kingdom of Italy in 1871. Italy formed from the territory of crumbling empires. Political instability and economic problems kept Italy a poor country. Prussia and Austria ______________ were the dominant members of German Confederation. Power struggle between Prussia and Austria for control of German states. German population Mainly _______ ---- not divided by different ethnic groups ____________. unified Result: Nationalism _______ Prussia. army Most powerful _________in central Europe. Junkers Army controlled by _______ ---- conservative and wealthy landowners who supported monarchy a strong ___________. When liberal Parliament challenged his authority, King Wilhelm I appointed Otto von Bismarck ( a Junker) as Prussia’s Prime Minister in 1862. ___________ Bismarck remembered for his foreign policy driven realpolitik by “_________.” Otto von Bismarck Tough “power politics.” Focuses on relations great powers between _________. Stresses importance of interests over nation’s _______ it’s _______. ideals Means doing whatever necessary to achieve is ________ one’s goals, not what is moral or right __________. Bismarck declared he would rule parliament without consent of ________. First speech: “The great questions of the day will not be settled by speeches or majority decisions -- but by ____________.” blood and iron Earns the nickname, the “Iron Chancellor.” Bismarck went to war with what countries to expand Prussia’s influence and its control over German territories? Denmark in 1864 Austria in 1866 France in 1867 In 1863, the King of Denmark declared Schleswig and Holstein to be a part of Denmark. In 1864, Prussia and Austria teamed up and declared war on Denmark. They won easily. Resulted from rivalry between Austria and Prussia to be German state. the dominant _______ allies Each had German _______. Prussia Brief war won by ________ Italy and its ally, ______. Marks shift in power among German states away from Austria and towards _____. Prussia ______ Ended German confederation. New Northern German Confederation established which excluded ___________ southern German states ____ and _____ Austria . Isolated Austria. Southern German states were Catholic and resisted control ________ Protestant by _________Prussia. 1867: Bismarck incited France _____to declare war on Prussia in order to unite southern German states behind him. Outcome of Franco-Prussian War? Prussia defeated France and all German states accepted Prussia’s leadership. Napoleon III of France, captured by the Prussian army during the Franco-Prussian War, with Bismarck. After Prussian victory over France, King Wilhelm I kaiser crowned ______(emperor). New German empire called “Second Reich” the ________________ Bismarck had won Prussian dominance over Germany and Europe just as he had promised to do – through “blood and iron” ____________. Annexed after Seven Weeks War of 1866. States that agreed to formation of a Second German Empire after the FrancoPrussian War of 1870-1871. GREAT POWERS OF EUROPE 1815* GREAT POWERS OF EUROPE 1871 *Five state with relatively equal power Great Britain* Great Britain France France Russia Russia Austria - Hungary Austrian Empire Germany* Prussia Italy * Most powerful
