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WORD FORMATION Mgr. Kateřina Podveská • • • • Text paraphrasing Academic English environment Facilitates text comprehension Ppt slides and their interpretation Vocabulary building • -tion/-sion = action (demonstration, expansion, admission, exploration, authorization) • -ment = action or its result (punishment, argument, development, enlargement, unemployment) • -al = action or its result (denial, refusal, trial, renewal, proposal) • -ance/-ence = action or result (dependence, attendance, acceptance, interference) Noun suffixes (1) • -ship = state or condition (friendship, citizenship, leadership, authorship, membership) • -cy = state or condition (bankruptcy, constancy, decency, accuracy, normalcy) • -ry/-ery = action, condition, occupation (slavery, foolery, dentistry, cookery, chemistry) • -ility/-ity/-ty = state or condition (ability, simplicity, cruelty, readability, visibility, stability) Noun suffixes (2) • -er = profession, purposeful device, origin of persons (banker, bookseller, container, locker, Londoner) • -ee = sb affected by sth/sb (employee, chatee, interviewee, evacuee) • -ant/-ent = sb who carries out (servant, inhabitant, informant, solvent) • -ing = result (building, clothing, painting) Noun suffixes (3) • -ify = to make, to cause (simplify, prettify, classify, exemplify, justify) • -ize/-ise = to make, to treat in the way of (civilize, organize, Americanize, legalize, nationalize, popularize) • -en = to make, to make become (shorten, blacken, darken, harden, weaken, widen, sadden, deafen, deepen) • -ate = to add or provide with (urinate, ventilate, dehydrate, duplicate, differentiate) Verb suffixes (1) • -able/-ible = sth that is/can be (drinkable, available, breakable, portable, reliable, responsible, audible) • -al = of the nature/origin of (natural, tidal, accidental, musical, criminal, educational, editorial, continental) • -en = materials (wooden, woolen, golden/gold) • -ese/-an/-ian/-ish = origin (Japanese, Portuguese, British, Turkish, German, Russian) Adjective suffixes (1) • -ful = full of, of the nature of (doubtful, powerful, careful, useful, helpful, spoonful, handful, tactful) • -ic = of the nature of (comic, domestic, aristocratic, dramatic, phonetic, systematic, energetic) • -ical = of the nature of (economical, biological, comical, historical) • -ing = sth experienced like (amazing, amusing, shocking) Adjective suffixes (2) • -less = devoid of (homeless, endless, careless, spotless, thoughtless, jobless, nameless) • -ly = periodic occurrence (daily, monthly, yearly, quarterly) • -like = behaving like (childlike, gentlemanlike, godlike) • -ward = in the direction of (homeward, eastward, onward, backward, forward) • -y = of the nature of (funny, rusty, bony, nervy, catchy, sticky, headachy, classy) Adjective suffixes (3) • a- = not, lacking in, not affected by (amoral, atheist, asymmetry, asexual, apolitical) • dis- = not, absolute opposite (disloyal, distrust, disabled, dislike, disagree, disadvantage) • non- = lacking in (non-fiction, non-political, non-neutral) Negative prefixes (1) • un- = opposite (unhappy, unfair, unreal, unexpected, unproductive) before words of French origin: in- (insane, injustice, intolerance, inconvenient) il- = before l- (illegal, illogical) im- = before p- (imperfect, impatient, improbable, immature) ir- = before r- (irregular, irresponsible, irreplaceable, irrelevat) Negative prefixes (2) • Economic – deals with economy • Economical – less wasteful • Economically is the adverb form of both words • Historical – took place in history, it is from the past • Historic – has significance in the history (event, person) • Historically is the adverb form of both words Beware the differences • Alternate = /ɔːlˈtɜː(r)nət/ adj. following by turns, one after the other, a substitute or second, every other in a series • Alternately is the adverb form • Alternate /ˈɔːltə(r)neɪt/ = verb related to the adjective = to go back and forth • Alternative = adj. /ɔːlˈtɜː(r)nətɪv/, noun /ɔːlˈtɜː(r)nətɪv/, refers to be able to be used instead of sth, the other choice • Alternatively is the adverb form Beware the differences (2) • Bad = adjective, describes nouns or pronouns, often used with verbs like look, feel, sound, or to be. • Incorrect: She felt badly about missing the date. • Correct: She felt bad about missing the date. • Badly = adverb, describes verbs and should be used with all verbs other than linking verbs. It usually answers the question "How?" • Incorrect: Mudville played bad last night. • Correct: Mudville played badly last night. Beware the differences (3) • Continual = repeated again and again • Continuous = uninterrupted • I was continually interrupted by the telephone. • It rained continuously for forty-eight hours. Beware the differences (4) • Different from X Different than? • Different from is standard English – proper use • Different than is nonstandard – improper use Beware the differences (5) • Special = adj. = particular, designed for a particular purpose • Specially = adv. = particularly, for a particular purpose • Especial = adj. = exceptional, noteworthy, particular • Especially = adv. = exceptionally, in a noteworthy manner, or particularly • In the sense of particular or particularly - synonyms • Stressing the exceptional quality = especial/especially • Stressing the distinctive purpose of something = special/specially • This program has specially designed macros for word processors. X He did especially well in All-Star Game. Beware the differences (6) • Farther = length or distance = comparative form of far when referring to distance • Further = to a greater degree, additional, additionally. It refers to time or amount = comparative form of far when meaning much • London is farther north than Juneau. (distance) • This plan requires further study. (additional study, refers to amount) • According to my timetable, we should be further along. (time) Beware the differences (7) • Good = adj. = describes nouns or pronouns, used also with verbs like look, feel, sound, taste, or be to describe the subject • Incorrect: The coffee tasted well this morning. • Correct: The coffee tasted good this morning. • Correct: The pitcher is looking good today. • Well = adv. = describes verbs (sometimes adjectives), used with most other verbs • Well as an adj. means healthy • Correct: He pitches well. • Incorrect: I do not feel very good. • Correct: I do not feel very well. (healthy) Beware the differences (7) • Number or Amount? • Use the word amount with quantities that cannot be counted and number with quantities that could be counted one-by-one. • He had a small amount of ammunition left. • He had a small number of bullets left. Beware the differences (8) • Perspective = noun = point of view, especially the ability to see the whole of something (in art - the ability to draw three dimensional objects using two dimensional ones) • The prefix per- means completely • Prospective = adj. = future or potential • The prefix pro- means forward • Prospect = noun form • The Latin root of both words, -spect-, means to see. So perspective literally means seeing completely and prospective means seeing ahead. Beware the differences (9) • Quote = verb = to repeat the words of a writer or speaker • Quotation = noun = words quoted, the act of quoting • Quotation marks = punctuation marks used to highlight a written quotation • Correct: He quoted Shakespeare frequently. • Incorrect: We listened to a long quote from the government report. • Correct: We listened to a long quotation from the government report. • Incorrect: You need to put this part in quotes. • Correct: You need to put this part in quotation marks. Beware the differences (10) • Raise = to make higher, to build, to nurture and cause to grow. It is normally transitive, that is, the action is done to something or someone else. It is a regular verb. • Rise = to get up, become elevated. It is never transitive. The past tense is rose; the past participle, risen. • They raised the barn in two days. • He was raised by his grandparents. • The sun rises and sets every day. Beware the differences (11) • Real = adjective, modifies only nouns or pronouns • Really = adverb, modifies verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs • Correct: He stayed at hotels with real class. (Class is a noun. The adjective modifies it.) • Incorrect: He stayed at a real classy hotel. (Classy is an adjective. It should be modified by an adverb.) • Correct: He stayed at a really classy hotel. (The adjective classy is modified by the adverb.) Beware the differences (12) • Sure = adjective, modifies nouns or pronouns • Surely = adverb, modifies verbs, adjectives, or adverbs • Correct: It is a sure thing. (Thing is a noun. An adjective modifies it.) • Incorrect: It is sure hot outside. (Hot is an adjective. It should be modified by an adverb.) • Correct: It is surely hot outside. (Hot is an adjective. An adverb modifies it.) Beware the differences (13) • Borrow = from someone • Lend = to someone • Can I borrow your bike, please? • I can lend you my bike if you want. • Bring = to carry to a nearer place from a more distant one • Take = to carry to a more distant place from a nearer one • Bring that file over here. • Take this package to the post office. Beware the differences (14) • Learn = to educate oneself • Teach = to educate others • I am a student and I am learning about adjectives. • She is teaching us how to use adjectives. • Try And or Try To? • Try and followed by a verb is nonstandard = improper use • Always use try to • Incorrect: Try and do it again. • Correct: Try to do it again. Beware the differences (15) Thank you for your attention