Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Human vestigiality wikipedia , lookup
Neuroregeneration wikipedia , lookup
Exercise physiology wikipedia , lookup
Stimulus (physiology) wikipedia , lookup
Common raven physiology wikipedia , lookup
Basal metabolic rate wikipedia , lookup
Circulatory system wikipedia , lookup
Biofluid dynamics wikipedia , lookup
Homeostasis wikipedia , lookup
Bozeman Video • Positive and Negative Feedback Animal Form and Function – Intro Integumentary System Chapter 40 Animal Form and Function • What is needed For AP Exam: Various Organ systems, THOROUGH on nervous, immune, and endocrine Respiratory, circulatory, excretory, digestive, muscular and reproductive How it relates to HOMEOSTASIS Ch. 40-46 Anatomy and Physiology • Anatomy – the study of an organisms structure • Physiology – the study of function • Levels of Organization – Cells Tissues Organs Organ Systems • Cell = basic unit of structural organization for all living things – Emergent properties • functions that arise due to new structures – Structure of each level determines the function Levels of Organization • Atoms: CHNOPS • Molecules: Organic vs. Inorganic (H2O) – Carbohydrates - CHO with H and O in a 2:1 ratio • Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, Polysaccharides – Lipids – CHO – with H and O in a greater than 2:1 • glycerol + 3 fatty acids or glycerol + 2 fatty acids + phosphate – Proteins – CHON (S) – N-C-C-N-C-C-N-C-C + N-C-C • Amino Acids Polypeptide (protein) – Nucleic Acids – CHONP – DNA, RNA, ATP, GTP • Nuceotide - Sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), Phosphate, Base (ATCGU) Levels of Organization • Organelles: Ribosomes – Membrane Bound – Nucleus, ER (Rough vs. Smooth), Vessicle, Golgi Body, Lysosome, Vacuole, Chloroplast, Mitochondria • Cells: Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic – Cell Membrane, Ribosomes, Double Stranded DNA • Tissues: Eukaryotic Multicellular Plants vs. Animals – Plants: Ground, Dermal, Vascular – Animals: Epithelial, Connective, Muscular, Nervous • Organs: Eukaryotic Multicellular Plants vs. Animals – Plants: Root, Stem, Leaves – Animals: Heart, Skin, Stomach, Kidneys, Glands, Brain, Blood Vessels, Bones, Muscles, Lungs, Gonads, Intestines, Bladder etc. Levels of Organization • Organ Systems: Interacting organs – Plants – Root system and shoot system – Animals – Integumentary, Skeletal, Muscular, Immune, Nervous, Endocrine, Circulatory, Respiratory, Reproductive, Digestive, Excretory • Organism: Unicellular or Multicellular • Population: Same species that can interbreed • Community: Different species that interact – Predation, parasitism, commensalism, mutualism, competition • Ecosystem: Biotic and Abiotic interactions • Biosphere: Earth and atmosphere • Levels of Organization Flow Map – Name a property that emerges at each level of organization Animal Tissues • • • • Epithelial Connective Nervous Muscular Epithelial Tissue • Functions – Covers the outside of the body - skin – Lines organs and body cavities – lumens – blood vessels – Barrier to pathogens – Prevents fluid loss – Secretes chemicals (glands) - endocrine • Function Connective Tissue – Binds and supports other tissues Connective Tissue • Blood – RBC/WBC & platelets in water based fluid plasma • Bone – osteocytes living in calcified hard matrix • Ligaments – bone-to-bone connection (LBB) • Tendons – muscle-to-bone connection (TMB) • Adipose tissue – Mostly fat cells • Loose connective tissue – tissue glue of the body Muscle Tissue • Function – Movement through contraction and relaxation Muscle Tissue – pg 826 • Structure – Muscle fibers – actin and myosin – Smooth • Involuntary • Non striated • Lines internal organs – Skeletal • Voluntary • Striated • Multinucleated – Cardiac • Involuntary • Striated Nervous Tissue • Function – Senses stimuli and transmits signals – Electrochemical communication – Coordination of body activities • Tissue Concept Map – • Summarize Functions AP Bio • Have Organ Chart Ready to be checked as well as endotherm and ectotherm chart • Have bozeman notes ready (EC) Organ Systems • • • • • • • • • • • • Digestive Circulatory Respiratory Immune Lymphatic Excretory Endocrine Reproductive Nervous Integumentary Skeletal Muscular Overview animals derive chemical energy from the environment in food via digestive system • digestion breaks down food into nutrient molecules + some energy returns to environment as feces – elimination of waste • nutrient molecules travel to body cells via circulatory system + convert to useful form (ATP) in cells - water and CO2 are excreted from the body • cells use ATP for cellular work and biosynthesis + some energy lost as heat • metabolic rate + amount of energy an animal uses in a unit of time + BMR – Basal Metabolic Rate Regulating the Internal Environment Homeostasis • the process of controlled and regulating the internal environment + interstitial fluid (fluid that fills spaces and transports materials) Exchange with the environment • Limits Body size and plan, WHY? – Available resources – Available mutations – Available exchange surfaces – MAINTAIN HOMEOSTASIS Fig. 40-4 External environment CO2 Food O2 Mouth Respiratory system 0.5 cm 50 µm Animal body Lung tissue Nutrients Heart Cells Circulatory system 10 µm Interstitial fluid Digestive system Excretory system Lining of small intestine Kidney tubules Anus Unabsorbed matter (feces) Metabolic waste products (nitrogenous waste) How do each of the systems maintain homeostasis while interacting with the outside environment? • Digestive: – Large surface area in the small intestine to absorb nutrients – Enzymes and Acid in the stomach destroys pathogens • Respiratory: – Gas exchange in the lungs all based on O2 and CO2 diffusion • Excretory: – Balance of salts and nitrogenous wastes between the blood stream and the kidneys Homeostasis • Negative Feedback: –Stimulus: High blood sugar –Set Point: Amt of glucose in blood –Response: Insulin released & cells absorb glucose, blood glucose levels drop back to set point – 40_08NegativeFeedback_A.swf Homeostasis • Positive Feedback: –The production of a chemical or start of a process produces more and the process cascades…. –At completion, the organism is far away from the initial set point or the “normal condition.” – 40_08PositiveFeedback_A.swf Integumentary System • Functions – Protection – Thermoregulation – Excretion of metabolic wastes through sweat Integumentary System • Structure – mostly epithelial tissue – 3 layers • Epidermis – dead cells • Dermis – living cells – – – – – Hair follicles Sweat and oil glands Nerves Muscle fibers Blood vessels • Subcutaneous layer (hypodermis) – adipose (fat) cells – connective tissue Thermoregulation • Maintenance of internal body temperature • Ectotherms – Regulate using the environment • Endotherms – Regulate using metabolism – Negative feedback • Shivering increased metabolism increased heat • Sweating or Panting evaporative cooling decreased heat • Vasodilation increased blood flow increased heat • Vasoconstriction decreased blood flow decreased heat • Skin Diagram • Fill in structures and functions of each structure • Summary