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Mention in points )(تعني عددي 1-kind of tropism : 1) Phototropism 2) Gravitropism 3) Thigmotropism 2-Major Types of Plant Hormones 12345- auxin Cytokinins Gibberellins Abscisic acid (ABA) Ethylene 3-function of auxin 123456- stimulate stem elongation affect root growth affect branching affect development of fruit affect apical dominance affect phototropism and gravitropism 4-function of Cytokinins 12345- Affect root growth and differentiation stimulate cell division stimulate growth stimulate germination delaying aging 5-Gibberellins 1234567- promote seed germination promote bud development promote stem elongation promote leaf growth stimulate flowering stimulate fruit development affect root growth and differentiation 6-Abscisic acid (ABA) 1- Inhibits growth 2- closes stomata during water stress 3- helps maintain dormancy 7-Ethylene 1- Promotes fruit ripening 2- opposes some auxin effect 3- promotes or inhibits growth and development of roots, leaves and flowers 8-Plant hormones agricultural uses 12345- Control of fruit production, ripening, and dropping Production of seedless fruits Use as weed killers hormones help keep food prices down benefit the environment 9-Plant flowering by measuring photoperiod 1- Short-day plants flower 2- Long-day plants flower 3- Neutral day plants flower 10-Types of endocrine depend on its secretions 1- The endocrine ( ex: thyroid gland , adrenal gland …. etc) 2- The Exocrine ( ex: salivary glands , Lacrimal glands ,Mammary glands) 3- Mixed glands (ex: Ovary in female , Testes in male) 11-Insects hormones : 1- Brain hormone ) (هرمون الدماغ 2- Juvenile hormone ()هرمون الشباب 3- Ecdysone hormone ( (هرمون اإلنسالخ 12-Damage resulting from type 1 (insulin-dependent) 1- Autoimmune disease 2- Insulin-producing cells destroyed 13-Damage resulting from type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) 1234- Deficiency of insulin More commonly, reduced response to insulin More than 90% of diabetics are type 2 Associated with being overweight and underactive 14-Division of nervous system 1- central nervous system (CNS) 2- Peripheral nervous system (PNS 15-Short-term stress response 1234567- Glycogen broken down to glucose; increased blood glucose ncreased blood pressure Increased breathing rate Increased metabolic rate ncreased blood pressure Increased breathing rate Increased metabolic rate 16-Long-term stress response A. Mineralocorticoids : 1- Retention of sodium ions and water by kidneys 2- Increased blood volume and blood pressure B. Glucocorticoids 1- Proteins and fats broken down and converted to glucose, leading to increased blood glucose 2- Immune system may be suppressed 17-Types of neurons 1- Sensory neurons 2- Interneurons 3- Motor neurons 18-Factors that affect the nerve signals through axon )العوامل المؤثرة في انتقال اإلشاراث العصبيت (الدفقت العصبيت 1- The diameter of the axon قطر المحور 2- Presence of insulation material وجود المادة العازلت 3- Temperature درجت الحرارة 19-The importance of sleeping 1- Is essential for survival 2- Sleep is an active state 3- Sleep may be involved in consolidating learning and memory 20-Neurological disorders 1234- Schizophrenia Depression Alzheimer’s disease Parkinson’s disease