Download lesson 12 - Biloxi Public Schools

LESSON 12:
GRAMMAR AND
USAGE
Things to Know Before You Start
&
A Review of the Homework Questions
STUFF YOU MIGHT HAVE FORGOTTEN
BUT NEED TO KNOW
• Noun—a word that represents a person,
place, thing, or idea. Can be common or
proper.
– Common: lady (person), house (place), pencil
(thing), love (idea)
– Proper: Ms. Thompson (person), Arizona (place),
Snickers (thing), Modernism (idea)
Continued
• Verb– a word that expresses an action, a state of
being or the condition of something, or help a
main verb. Often written differently depending
on what tense it is (what time the action
occurred). Can be regular or irregular.
More about participles on the next
• Action verbs:
slide!
Regular
Irregular
Present
Climb
Swim
Past
Climbed
Swam
Past Participle
Have climbed
Have swum
Future
Will Climb
Will Swim
• Linking and helping verbs: am, is, are, was, were,
have, has, did, do, can, could, may, might, etc.
Continued
• Verbal: words that are formed from verbs, but
are never used alone as action words in
sentences. Instead, verbals function as nouns,
adjectives, or adverbs. Three types:
– Gerund: ends in “ing”, functions as a noun
• Jumping on the trampoline is my favorite activity.
– Infinitive: a verb with “to” in front of it
• I like to ski.
– Participle: verb that ends in -ing (present) or -ed, d, -t, -en, -n (past). May function as adjectives or
verbs.
• The dancing parrots entertained the crowd.
• She is thinking of the children.
Continued
• Adjective: a word that describes a noun
– A fancy girl, an arid desert, a terrifying time, the
scientific discovery, an undying love
– Bonus fact! “A”, “an”, and “the” are all articles and
work the same way adjectives do; they help us
specify which noun is being described. That’s why
there’s a difference between “a winner” and “THE
winner”.
Continued
• Preposition: words that help form relationships
between nouns and other words. Usually tells where
or when. (Hint: it’s that long list of words you
probably had to memorize with a song, or it was “all
the things the rabbit can do to the tree” or
something)
Continued
• A word on what makes a sentence a “complete
thought” that can “stand alone”…
– You know that a complete sentence has to have both
a subject (the noun part) and a predicate (the verb
part) while at the same time expressing a complete
thought. If you’ve ever had trouble with what that
actually means, here’s an example:
While you were in the library.
– There’s the subject “you” and the verb “were”, but
would you understand what this person was trying to
tell you? You’d probably be like, “What? What
happened while I was in the library?” From this
sentence, you’re only getting the beginning of the
person’s thought. So, it’s NOT a “complete thought”.
HOMEWORK
REVIEW
#5
• A – “a” is an article that tells which skater,
“figure” is an adjective that describes what
kind of skater, and “skater” is a noun since it’s
a person, place, thing, or idea. Nouns and the
words that describe them are noun phrases.
#6
• “Eating lunch at the park” looks like a participal
phrase (remember participals look like verbs, in
this case “Eating”, but act like adjectives). By
itself, it does not express a complete thought
(Who is eating at the park? Huh?), so we need to
add more to the sentence to make it a complete
thought. Participal phrases are supposed to act
like adjectives, so let’s keep that in mind.
• Example sentences:
– Eating lunch at the park, I spilled mustard on my shirt.
• The sentence is complete, and we used the phrase like an
adjective to describe “I”.
– My teacher, eating lunch at the park, ran into one of
her students.
• Again, complete sentences with our phrase used like an
adjective, this time to describe “teacher”.
#7
• C– Sneaky workbook makers! They wanted to
see if you could pick the phrase would without
giving you a relative pronoun. But they did
give you a relative adverb (the words where,
when, and why). If you weren’t sure, you
could have diagrammed all the sentences to
figure it out. The book says relative clauses
“modify a word or phrase in the main clause”,
which means they work basically like an
adjective. Let’s see if knowing that would
help…
Many small bookstores are struggling to stay
open. (noun phrase, verb phrase, prep phrase)
A haven can be found in quiet nooks in
bookstores and libraries. (Noun phrase, verb
phrase, 2 prep phrases).
The bookstore where I usually buy my books has
closed. (Noun phrase, phrase that acts like an
adjective??, verb phrase)
Buying books has become an expensive habit.
(Phrase that acts like a noun??, verb phrase,
noun phrase)
#8
• A dependent clause is a
group of words that has a
subject and a verb but is
not a complete thought.
• Example sentences:
– After I eat, I watch my
favorite TV show.
– I watch my favorite TV
show when I feel stressed.
• Hack: a lot of dep. clauses
start with one of these
subordinating
conjunctions.
after
how
unless
although
if
until
as
inasmuch
when
as if
in order
that
whenever
as long as
lest
where
as much as
now that
wherever
as soon as
provided
(that)
while
as though
since
because
so that
before
than
even if
that
even
though
though