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LECTURE PRESENTATIONS
For CAMPBELL BIOLOGY, NINTH EDITION
Jane B. Reece, Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, Robert B. Jackson
Chapter 1
Introduction: Themes in the
Study of Life
Lectures by
Erin Barley
Kathleen Fitzpatrick
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Overview: Inquiring About the World of Life
• Evolution is the process of change that has
transformed life on Earth
• Biology is the scientific study of life
• Biologists ask questions such as:
– How a single cell develops into an organism
– How the human mind works
– How living things interact in communities
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Fig. 1-3
Properties of Life
Order
Response
to the
environment
Evolutionary
adaptation
Regulation
Energy
processing
Reproduction
Growth and
development
Fig. 1-3a
Order
This close-up of
a sunflower
illustrates the
highly ordered
structure that
characterizes
life.
Fig. 1-3b
The appearance of this
pygmy seahorse
camouflages the animal
in its environment. Such
adaptations evolve over
many generations by the
reproductive success of
those individuals with
heritable traits that are
best suited to their
environments.
Evolutionary
adaptation
Video: Seahorse Camouflage
Fig. 1-3c
This Venus’ flytrap closed
its trap rapidly in
response to the
environmental stimulus of
a damselfly landing on
the open trap.
Response
to the
environment
Fig. 1-3d
Organisms (living things)
reproduce their own kind.
Here an emperor penguin
protects its baby.
Reproduction
Fig. 1-3e
Inherited information
carried by genes controls
the pattern of growth and
development of
organisms, such as this
Nile crocodile.
Growth and development
Fig. 1-3f
This hummingbird obtains
fuel in the form of nectar
from flowers. It use
chemical energy stored in
its food to power flight
and other work.
Energy processing
Fig. 1-3g
The regulation of blood
flow through the blood
vessels of this jackrabbits
ears helps maintain a
constant body
temperature by adjusting
heat exchange with the
surrounding air.
Regulation
Fig. 1-3
Properties of Life
Order
Response
to the
environment
Evolutionary
adaptation
Regulation
Energy
processing
Reproduction
Growth and
development
Concept 1.1: Themes connect the concepts of
biology
Evolution, the Overarching Theme of Biology
• Evolution makes sense of everything we know
about living organisms
• Organisms living on Earth are modified
descendents of common ancestors
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Theme: New properties emerge at each level in the
biological hierarchy
• Life can be studied at different levels from
molecules to the entire living planet
• The study of life can be divided into different
levels of biological organization
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Fig. 1-4 Exploring levels of biological organization
The biosphere
Cells
10 µm
Organs and
organ systems
Cell
Ecosystems
Organelles
Communities
1 µm
Atoms
Tissues
50 µm
Molecules
Populations
Organisms
Fig. 1-4c
The biosphere:
Consists of all the environments on Earth that are inhabited by life.
Includes most regions of land, most bodies of water and the
atmosphere to an altitude of several kilometer.
Fig. 1-4d
Ecosystems
Consists of all the living things in a particular area, along with
all the nonliving components of the environment with which life
interacts, such as soil, water, atmospheric gases and light.
All the Earth’s ecosystems combined make up the biosphere.
Fig. 1-4e
Communities
Includes (in forest) kinds of trees and
other plants, a diversity of animals,
various mushrooms and other fungi, and
microorganisms.
Each of these forms a life is called a
species.
Fig. 1-4f
Populations
A population consists of all the
individuals of a species living
within the bounds of a specified
area, ex. A population of sugar
malpe trees and a population of
white-tailed deer in this Ontario
forest.
Fig. 1-4g
Organisms
Individual living things are called
organisms.
Each of the maple trees is an
organism.
Fig. 1-4h
Organs and organ systems
A maple leaf is an example of an organ,
a body part consisting of two or more
tissues.
A organ carries out a particular function
in the body.
Stems and roots are the other major
organs of plants.
Organs (brain, heart, kidney),
systems (digestive system includes
organs such as stomach, and intestines)
of humans...
Fig. 1-4i
Tissues -Microscope needed..
The honeycombed tissue in the interior of the leaf (left) is the main location of
photosynthesis, the process that convert light energy to chemical energy of
sugar and other food.
The skin (epidermis) are on the surface of the leaf (right). The pores through the
epidermis allow the gas carbon dioxide, a material for sugar production, to reach
the photosynthetic tissue inside the leaf.
Each tissue has a cellular structure, and is a group of similar cells
50 µm
Fig. 1-4j
10 µm
Cell
Cells
The cell is life’s fundamental unit of structure and function.
Some organisms, such as amoebas are single cells.
Other organisms, including plants and animals, are multi-cellular, and
has a division of labor among specialized cells.
The cells in a leaf tissue are containing numerous green structures
called chloroplasts, which responsible for photosynthesis.
Fig. 1-4k
Organelles
Chloroplasts are examples of
organelles, the various functional
components that make up cells.
Image is taken by an electron
microscope
1 µm
Fig. 1-4l
Molecules
A chloroplast at the molecular level.
A molecule is a chemical structure
consisting of two or more small chemical
units called atoms, which are chlorophyll
molecule.
Atoms
Chlorophyll is the pigment molecule that
makes a maple leaf green and is one of
the most important molecules on Earth
(absorb sunlight for photosyhthesis).
Within each chloroplast, millions of
chlorophylls and other molecules are
organized into the equipment that
converts light energy to the chemical
energy of food.
Emergent Properties
• Emergent properties result from the
arrangement and interaction of parts within a
system
• Emergent properties characterize nonbiological
entities as well
– For example, a functioning bicycle emerges
only when all of the necessary parts connect in
the correct way
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
The Power and Limitations of Reductionism
• Reductionism is the reduction of complex
systems to simpler components that are more
manageable to study
– For example, the molecular structure of DNA
• An understanding of biology balances
reductionism with the study of emergent
properties
– For example, new understanding comes from
studying the interactions of DNA with other
molecules
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Theme: Organisms interact with their
environments, exchanging matter and energy
• Every organism interacts with its environment,
including nonliving factors and other organisms
• Both organisms and their environments are
affected by the interactions between them
– For example, a tree takes up water and
minerals from the soil and carbon dioxide from
the air; the tree releases oxygen to the air and
roots help form soil
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
• The dynamics of an ecosystem include two
major processes:
– Cycling of nutrients, in which materials
acquired by plants eventually return to the soil
– The flow of energy from sunlight to producers
to consumers
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Figure 1.5a
Figure 1.5
Sunlight
Leaves absorb
light energy from
the sun.
CO2
Leaves take in
carbon dioxide
from the air
and release
oxygen.
O2
Cycling
of
chemical
nutrients
Leaves fall to
the ground and
are decomposed
by organisms
that return
minerals to the
soil.
Water and
minerals in
the soil are
taken up by
the tree
through
its roots.
Animals eat
leaves and fruit
from the tree.
Theme: Life Requires Energy Transfer
and Transformation
• A fundamental characteristic of living organisms is
their use of energy to carry out life’s activities
• Work, including moving, growing, and reproducing,
requires a source of energy
• Living organisms transform energy from one form
to another
– For example, light energy is converted to chemical
energy, then kinetic energy
• Energy flows through an ecosystem, usually
entering as light and exiting as heat
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1.6
Sunlight
Heat
When energy is used
to do work, some
energy is converted to
thermal energy, which
is lost as heat.
Producers absorb light
energy and transform it into
chemical energy.
An animal’s muscle
cells convert
chemical energy
from food to kinetic
energy, the energy
of motion.
Chemical
energy
Chemical energy in
food is transferred
from plants to
consumers.
(a) Energy flow from sunlight to
producers to consumers
(b) Using energy to do work
A plant’s cells use
chemical energy to do
work such as growing
new leaves.
Figure 1.6a
Sunlight
Producers absorb light
energy and transform it into
chemical energy.
Chemical
energy
Chemical energy in
food is transferred
from plants to
consumers.
(a) Energy flow from sunlight to
producers to consumers
Figure 1.6b
Heat
When energy is used
to do work, some
energy is converted to
thermal energy, which
is lost as heat.
An animal’s muscle
cells convert
chemical energy
from food to kinetic
energy, the energy
of motion.
(b) Using energy to do work
A plant’s cells use
chemical energy to do
work such as growing
new leaves.
Theme: Structure and function are correlated at all
levels of biological organization
• Structure and function of living organisms are
closely related
– For example, a leaf is thin and flat, maximizing
the capture of light by chloroplasts
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Fig. 1-6
(a) Wings
(b) Bones
Infoldings of
membrane
Mitochondrion
100 µm
(c) Neurons
0.5 µm
(d) Mitochondria
Theme: Cells are an organism’s basic units of
structure and function
• The cell is the lowest level of organization that
can perform all activities required for life
• All cells:
– Are enclosed by a membrane
– Use DNA as their genetic information
• The ability of cells to divide is the basis of all
reproduction, growth, and repair of multicellular
organisms
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
• A eukaryotic cell (真核細胞) has membraneenclosed organelles, the largest of which is
usually the nucleus
• By comparison, a prokaryotic cell (原核細胞) is
simpler and usually smaller, and does not
contain a nucleus or other membrane-enclosed
organelles
• Bacteria and Archaea are prokaryotic; plants,
animals, fungi, and all other forms of life are
eukaryotic
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Fig. 1-8
Prokaryotic cell
Eukaryotic cell
Membrane
細胞膜
DNA
(no nucleus)
Membrane
Cytoplasm
細胞質
Organelles
胞器
Nucleus 細胞核 (contains DNA)
1 µm
Theme: The continuity of life is based on heritable
information in the form of DNA
• Chromosomes contain most of a cell’s genetic
material in the form of DNA (deoxyribonucleic
acid) 去氧核醣核酸
• DNA is the substance of genes
• Genes are the units of inheritance that transmit
information from parents to offspring
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Fig. 1-7
25 µm
Chromosomes
染色體
DNA Structure and Function
• Each chromosome has one long DNA molecule
with hundreds or thousands of genes
• The DNA of chromosomes replicates as a cell
prepares to divide, and each of the two cellular
offspring inherits a complete set of genes.
• DNA controls the development and
maintenance of organisms and, serves as a
central database.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Fig. 1-9
Sperm cell
Nuclei
containing
DNA
Egg cell
Fertilized egg
with DNA from
both parents
Embryo’s cells with
copies of inherited DNA
Offspring with traits
inherited from
both parents
Fig. 1-9 Inherited DNA directs development of an organism.
• Each DNA molecule is made up of two long
chains arranged in a double helix 雙螺旋
• Each link of a chain is one of four kinds of
chemical building blocks called nucleotides 核
苷酸
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Fig. 1-10
Nucleus
DNA
Nucleotide
Cell
(a)
This model shows each
atom in a segment of
DNA. Made up of two
long chains of building
blocks called
nucleotides, a DNA
molecule takes the 3-D
form of a double helix.
(b)
These geometric
shapes and letters are
simple symbols for the
nucleotides in a small
section of one chain of
a DNA molecule.
Genetic information is
encoded in specific
sequences of the 4
types of nucleotides (A,
T, C and G).
(a) DNA double helix
(b) Single strand of DNA
• The DNA of genes control protein production
indirectly, using RNA as an intermediary.
• DNA is transcribed into RNA then translated
into a protein
• The entire “library” of genetic instructions that
an organism inherits is called its genome 基因體.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Systems Biology at the Levels of Cells and Molecules
• The human genome and those of many other
organisms have been sequenced using DNAsequencing machines
• Knowledge of a cell’s genes and proteins can
be integrated using a systems approach
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Fig. 1-11
Fig. 1-12
Outer membrane
and cell surface
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
• Advances in systems biology at the cellular and
molecular level depend on
– “High-throughput” technology, which yields
enormous amounts of data
– Bioinformatics, which is the use of
computational tools to process a large volume
of data
– Interdisciplinary research teams
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Unity in the Diversity of Life
• A striking unity underlies the diversity of life; for
example:
– DNA is the universal genetic language
common to all organisms
– Unity is evident in many features of cell
structure
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings