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APES Study Guide Unit 4: Atmospheric Dynamics, Climate Change, and Air Pollution Following a brief introduction to the structure and characteristics of the Earth’s atmosphere is a survey of several air pollution problems including a few of the most significant global environmental concerns facing humanity. Textbook Reference: Botkin, Keller, Environmental Science, 9th edition: Chapters 20-21 Other Materials: Movies - The 11th Hour, What Price Clean Air Vocabulary ENSO atmosphere troposphere stratosphere mesosphere thermosphere electromagnetic spectrum visible light ultraviolet light climate microclimate weather greenhouse effect greenhouse gases global warming climate change absorption albedo reflection scattering respiratory system bronchiole alveoli cilia photochemical smog temperature inversion oxides of sulfur (SOx) oxides of nitrogen (NOx) volatile organic compounds (VOCs) acid deposition acid rain peroxyacyl nitrates (PANs) aldehydes particulate matter (PM-10) buffer the Clean Air Act catalytic converter electrostatic precipitator scrubber cyclone collector (separator) baghouse filter indoor air pollution radon gas primary pollutant secondary pollutant mobile sources polar vortex ozone ozone layer (shield) ozone depletion chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) Dobson unit UVA UVB UVC Montreal Protocol hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) StudyGuide Questions (SGQs) 1. Describe the composition and structure of the atmosphere, include a detailed graph of altitude vs. temperature. 2. Outline the evidence that climate change is occurring, and describe three ways in which climate change will affect life on Earth. 3. Provide one example of a negative feedback loop that could occur in the process of global warming and one example of a positive feedback loop that could occur. 4. Identify and describe the natural sources of ozone in the atmosphere and the functions that the naturally occurring ozone performs in the Earth system. 5. Describe the conditions leading to ozone depletion, and the possible consequences of ozone depletion. 6. Differentiate between global warming and ozone depletion. 7. Identify and describe the substitutes for CFCs and explain how they prevent the destruction of stratospheric ozone. 8. Explain how poor communication by scientists and public misconceptions about science contributed to the controversy surrounding the ozone hole and its causes. 9. Compare urban air pollution problems in developed countries with those in developing countries. Discuss why it is easier to solve air pollution problems in the developed world. 10. Describe the major features of the human respiratory system and the effects of various air pollutants on the components of the human respiratory system. 11. Distinguish between primary and secondary pollutants and list and describe two examples of each. 12. Explain how acid deposition occurs, and the effects it has on the environment. 13. Identify and describe several methods for removing particulates from the exhaust gases of electric power and industrial plants. 14. Radon gas is nontoxic and nonreactive, however, once radon gas enters homes, it poses a threat to human health. Discuss how radon enters homes and explain the process that makes radon a health threat even though it is only a weak radiation emitter. 15. Other than radon, list three significant indoor air pollutants. For each, identify its source, the effect it has on human health, and a method for reducing or eliminating its presence.