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Bones and Soft Tissues
 Aids
in body movement
 Supports and protects internal organs
 Produces red and white blood cells
 Provides a storehouse for minerals
 Adult=
206 bones
 Infant = 270 bones
 As humans grow those 64 bones will fuse
together into the full 206 bones.
 There
are only minor differences
between the male and female
skeleton.
 Men’s bones tend to be larger and
heavier when compared to
women’s bones
 Woman’s pelvis is wider than a
man’s
 Long
- Femur
 Flat - Skull
 Irregular - Spine
 Short - Phalanges
 Simple
or Closed – a break in the bone that
may be complete or incomplete, but does
not break the skin.
 Greenstick – an incomplete break in the
diaphysis of the bone occurring in children.
 Comminuted – Occurs when force on the
bone is so great that it breaks into 3 or more
pieces.
 Stress
– Occurs when a bone is stressed by
overuse, poor muscle balance, lack of
flexibility, weakness, or biomechanical
problems
 Epiphyseal plate fx – Growth plate fx. Most
common in children age 10-16 and usually
the result of sport participation
 Compound or Open – a complete break in the
bone where the bone ends separate and
break through the skin
 Strains:
caused by twisting or pulling of a
muscle or tendon

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
Acute: caused by trauma or a blow to the body
Chronic: result of overuse, prolonged, repetitive
movement
Sites: commonly the hamstring and quadriceps in
sports such as soccer, football, track, wrestling,
hockey
Hand and forearm strains result from sports such
as tennis, throwing sports, and gymnastics
 Pain,
muscle spasm, and muscle weakness
 Localized swelling, cramping, or
imflammation and some loss of function
 Grade
I – Overstretched or minor tears in the
muscle or tendon ; looks normal, painful to
touch, painful during athletics and stretching
 Grade
II – Partial tear in the muscle or
tendon ; swelling, bruising, inability to use
limb, may limp on affected leg, may be
unable to fully extend limb
 Grade
III – Complete tear of the muscle or
tendon. Results in the muscle being
detached from the bone that it is meant to
move; extreme pain, bruising, obvious defect
in the muscle, inability of the limb to move
properly
 Two

stages of treatment
Stage 1 – reduce swelling and pain
RICE – Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation for 24-48
hours
Stage 2 – Rehabilitation – stretching, exercise program to
restore range of motion and strength

For Grade III Strains, surgery may be required.
 Factors






that determine Return to Play –
Sport
Location of strain
Severity of strain
Pain tolerance
Age
History
 Do
sport specific stretching exercises daily
 Always warm up properly and never stretch a
cold muscle
 Maintain a healthy, well balanced diet to
keep muscle strong
 Wear properly fitted shoes
 Maintain a healthy weight
 An
injury resulting from a fall,
 sudden twist, or blow to the body
that forces a joint out of its normal
position
 Structures involved are ligaments
 Ligaments connect bone to bone
 Same
as strains – I,II, and III
 Grade I – mild; overstretching or slight
tearing of the ligament with no joint
instability and no loss of function
 Grade II – Moderate; partial tearing and
characterized by bruising, moderate pain,
and swelling. Difficulty bearing weight or
using the limb. Requires x-ray and/or MRI
 Grade III – Severe; Complete rupture. Severe
pain, swelling, bruising and loss of function,
Possible deformity. X-ray, MRI, possible
surgery
 Similar
to a strain
 RICE
 May
require X-ray to rule out a fracture
 May require MRI to determine extent of the
tear and whether surgery is required
 Inflammation
of the fibrous tissue that
connects muscle to bone
 Can be the result of abnormal gliding motion
of the tendon
 Can follow a muscle strain
 People who begin an exercise program or
progress with activity too quickly
 Overuse
 Point
tenderness along a tendon usually near
the insertion of the tendon
 Pain tends to be worse with movement and
toward the end of the day
 Treatment includes rest (stop the
aggravating activity) and ice, and
ultrasound,
or physical therapy.
 Inflammation
of the bursa
 Bursa are fluid filled sacs within and around
your joints.
 They decrease friction allowing for smooth
movement
 Can become inflamed when repetitive
movements or prolonged pressure is applied
to the area
 Joint
pain that is often mistaken for arthritis
 Swelling
 Similar signs as that of tendonitis
 Pain in the joints upon movement that is
worse at night and is aggravated by
movement and overuse
 Avoid
activity that led to the injury
 NSAIDS
 Drainage of the bursa by a physician,
Injection of cortisone, or removal of the
bursa entirely
 Prevention: Strengthen muscles around the
joint, avoid repetitive stress, cushion joints,
and don’t over do it!
 Inflammation:
the body’s reaction to invasion
by an infectious agent or physical, chemical,
or traumatic damage.
 Signs and Symptoms: redness, pain, swelling,
heat
 Causes: infection or tissue damage
 The
inflammatory response is a defense
mechanism that is put in to effect by the
immune system
The body concentrates immune-system cells
and their products at the site of the damage
in order to speed the healing process.
 Blood
supply to the damaged tissue increases
due to dilation of blood vessels.
 Capillary permeability increases allowing for
the exchange of specialized cells to the
injury site
 White blood cells migrate toward the injured
or infected site.
 Ice
is useful for controlling
pain/inflammation if used appropriately
 Ice should be used during the first 24-48
hours following an injury
 Ice is a vasoconstrictor, meaning that it
shrinks blood vessels in order to control
swelling
 If we control swelling, then we control
pain/inflammation
 Plain
ice packs may be applied directly to
the skin for a period of 20 minutes unless it
is the foot area. Then only apply for 10-15
minutes
 Chemical cold packs should never be applied
directly to the skin. Use a barrier such as a
towel or pillowcase between the skin and
cold pack to prevent frostbite
 Cold
 Burning
 Aching
 Numbness
 Do
not use heat within the first 48 hours of
sustaining an injury
 Use heat for joint or muscle stiffness or
general achiness…not pain.
 Use moist heat if possible
 Use for about 20 minutes