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Practical Methods for Adaptation of Smallholder Farming to Climate Change in Belize related to Agriculture and Conservation Timo Baur GIZ / CIM integrated Expert Caribbean Community Climate Change Centre Oktober 2012 ACICAFOC Taller Nacional Belize: “Construyendo una Estrategia Agroforestal de Adaptacion al Clima” Summary • Change of climate - change of seasons • Impacts – Droughts and Flooding – Stress on lifestock and yield, crops and soil • Adaptation – – – – – – Rainwater harvesting and irrigation Enhancing crop resilience Rain and planting calendars Protecting the soil Quezungal method, agroforestry and hedgerows Terracing Impact Change of Climate • Detailed climate modeling projections for Belize predict – – – – increase in average temperature; increased occurrence of extreme events like heat waves; decrease in average annual rainfall; increase in heavy rainfall events which would lead to more flooding events and reduce water quality and availability; – potential for an increase in the intensity of tropical storms; – increased Sea Surface Temperatures (SST) Caribsave Risk Atlas Belize, 2012 Impact Change of Seasons • Higher likeliness projected for – shorter rainy seasons – longer or more intense dry seasons where rainfall is unusually low or delayed Green, 2000 Bates et al., 2008 Impact Droughts • In the dry season, drought-like conditions have become more common in Belize In an agricultural drought, the soil moisture at the roots of crops is inadequate for their healthy growth and causes extreme water stress Impacts of drought • Non-irrigated crops decrease in yields => all year water supply critical • Drought can lead to infestation – Drought weakens plants – e.g. Pine Bark Beetle chewed up 80 % of the pines in the Mountain Pine Ridge in 1999 - 2003 – Healthy trees can defend themselves by secreting a resin, covering bore holes and frustrating beetles Impact Flooding • Flooding is due to – much rainfall in rainy season (May to November) – tropical waves, depressions or storms • Risk of frequent flooding in flat low lying areas: – much of the northern and southern coastal areas – all of the islands and cayes – several miles inland (NMS, 2011) Impact Impacts of Flooding • Floods – cause significant losses in the agriculture, livestock and transportation infrastructure sector (ECLAC, 2006) – affect water availability and quality (BEST, 2009) (e.g. brackish rivers) – decrease soil quality (De-Campos et al., 2009) – can contaminate various water sources (WMB, 2011) (e.g. outdoor latrines overflow) => Control and harvesting of excess water Impact Stress on Lifestock • Heatwaves – e.g. Chicken, Cattle, Pigs • In 2005, 40.000 chicken were killed in Belize by a heat wave • Warmer seawater – Corals die and bleach – Fish may move or migrate deeper Impact Stress on Yield: Crops • impact on particular crops complex • depends on – photosynthesis properties of plants / the process of absorbing and converting CO2 – tolerance of crops to heat – resistance to drought – resilience to stress (Rosenzweig & Hillel, 1995) => identification of more climate resilient crop varieties and diversification of crops Richardson: Belize and Climate Change: The Cost of inaction, 2009 Impact Example: Sugar Cane - 45 % yield change due to climate zone shift CCRIF, Enhancing the climate risk and adaptation fact base in the Caribbean, 2010 International Centre for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) Impact CCRIF, Enhancing the climate risk and adaptation fact base in the Caribbean, 2010 International Centre for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) Impact Stress on Yield: Soil • Intensified rainfall can lead to – Soil degradation – Erosion – Runoff Adaptation Measures for Adaptation • • • • • • ensure all year water supply control and harvest excess water select more climate resilient crop use different crops and planting times provide shade for lifestock conserve soil: prevent erosion, degradation and runoff Adaptation Rainwater Harvesting Water is everybodies business fields could have their own water body for harvesting rain Ponds Rainwater Harvesting • rooftop collectors – Polythene sheets – Banana-stems, royal palm leaves – Tree trunks, rock cavities Irrigation • Irrigation channels and pipelines Adaptation Terracing • One of the oldest means of saving soil and water – – – – Increases soil moisture Reduce runoff and loss of soil Stops or reduces soil erosion Reduces slope steepness • but: permanent soil cover and walls to be maintained, requires much labour • recent archaeological research: terracing was widely used in Belize in ancient times Dorren & Rey, A review of the effect of terracing on erosion, 200 Adaptation Types of Terraces • Bench Terrace: Cut benches in slope • (Flat) Channel Terrace: Excavate soil from upper side to form a channel, deposit downhill to form a bank • Cajete Terrace in Mexico: small water reservoirs on terrace plateaus • Ridge Terrace: Excavate Soil from both sides, throw inwards Adaptation Enhancing Crop Resilience • save seeds each year • Identify and select crops that are more resistant to droughts and pests • Grow many different crops and varieties • Share indigenous knowledge on best crop for expected season (e.g. based on signs in atmosphere) TEBTEBBA Foundation: Guide on Climate Change & Indigenous Peoples, 2008 Adaptation Enhancing Crop Resilience • Polyculture – Growing two or more crop species and wild varieties – Plant at different locations and times => reduced climate stress (Lin 2011, Tengö and Belfrage 2004) Adaptation Rain and Planting Calendars • Changes in growing seasons • Changes in times of animal migrations and reproduction => Adjust times of crop planting and harvesting, wild plant gathering, hunting and fishing TEBTEBBA Foundation: Guide on Climate Change & Indigenous Peoples, 2008 Adaptation Protect the Soil • Keep soil covered – prevents runoff of nutrients – Stabilizes soil moisture and temperature – Improves soil structure; break compacted layers and hard pans – Permits rotation in a monoculture – controls weeds and pests • • • • Use cover crops, e.g. tall grasses, Cowpea Leave crop residue and plant litter Controlled bush clearing Protect river banks Adaptation Agroforestry – Plant between trees – Greater shade cover • protects from heat and precipitation (Lin 2007) • reduces storm damage (Philpott et al. 2008) Adaptation Quezungal Method • traditional Quezungal farming method in Honduras: – plant crops under trees whose roots anchor the soil – prune vegetation to provide nutrient to soil, prevent too much shading and conserve water TEBTEBBA Foundation: Guide on Climate Change & Indigenous Peoples, 2008 Adaptation Hedgerows • Strips of vegetation along the main crop – e.g. dense cover of trees or shrubs, 3-6 m apart – reduces effects and velocity of soil erosion and runoff; effective after two years • crop yields higher than in control areas • planted in ancient times in many parts of the world Lin, 2007 Summary of Adaptation Methods • Enhance fields – Ponds and rainwater harvesting – Irrigation Channels – Terracing • Enhance planted crop – Save seeds and select more resistant crop varieties – Adjust times of planting and harvesting – Polyculture: Grow various crops at various locations and times • Protect the soil • Plant near trees and shrubs – Agroforestry, Quezungal Method, Hedgerows