Download trends in power electronics and drives

TRENDS IN POWER
ELECTRONICS AND DRIVES
Dr.V.Kamaraj
Professor
Electrical and Electronics Engineering
SSN College of Engineering
Page: 1
Introduction
“Nearly 65% of the total electric energy
produced in the USA is consumed by electric
motors.”
- R. Krishnan, “Electric Motor Drives Modeling,
Analysis, and Control” Prentice Hall,Inc.,2001
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Some Applications of Electric
Drives
‹
Hard Disk Drive, Treadmill, Air conditioner
‹ Pumps, fans, compressors
‹ Spindles and servos
‹ Appliances and power tools
‹ Cement kilns
‹ Paper and pulp mills; textile mills
‹ Automotive applications
‹ Conveyors, elevators, escalators, lifts
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Drive System
Four distinct elements of a drive system are :
1.
The load
2.
The motor
3.
The Power Electronic Converter
4.
The Control Electronics
Drive system development challenges:
1.
Power Density
2.
Performance
3.
Energy Efficiency
4.
Cost
5.
Time to Market
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DRIVE SYSTEM TECHNOLOGIES
I
CONTROL ELECTRONICS
II
SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES
TECHNOLOGY
III
MATERIAL TECHNOLOGY
IV
CAD TECHNOLOGY
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I
CONTROL ELECTRONICS
Functions to be implemented by Control Electronics
‹ Monitoring
and Diagnostics
‹ Communication
‹ Real
Interfaces
time PWM Control
‹ Sensing
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Need for a Controller
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System with Controller
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Analog Controllers
Advantages:
1.Low cost if the controller is simple
2.Easy Interpretation
Disadvantages
1.Reconfigurability of the control is not possible
without changing the hardware
2.Number of passive components used are more
3.More sensitive to variation in temperature
4.Reliability is low
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Digital controllers using DSP and
Microcontrollers
Advantages:
1.Reconfigurability of the control without changing the
hardware
2.Less passive components are used
3.Less sensitive to temperature variations
Disadvantages:
1.The hardware resources are fixed and it cannot be changed
once the particular DSP/Microcontroller is selected
2.Design depends more on the hardware architecture of the
processor
Page: 10
FPGA Based Digital Controllers
Advantages:
1.Reconfiguarabilty of the hardware
2.The user is independent of the architecture of the
device
These two advantages makes Digital Controllers with
FPGA a better choice
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Configuration of Cyclone FPGA
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CONTROLLERS USING POWER
INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
‹ PWM
CURRENT REGULATING FECILITY
‹ DECODING
‹ HALL
COMMUTATION LOGIC
SENSOR
‹ PROTECTIVE
FEATURES
‹ LM621,MC33034
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II SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES
TECHNOLOGY
SEMICODUCTOR DEVICES ENHANCES
• PERFORMANCE
• RELIABILITY
• COST EFFECTIVENESS
OF
DRIVE SYSTEM
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SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICE
TECHNOLOGY CHALLENGES
TERMINAL
CHARACTERISTICS
MATERIAL PARAMETERS
AND
AMBIENT CONDITIONS
DC I-V
GEOMETRY
AC STEADY STATE i,v
ENERGYGAP
TRANSIENT i,v
DOPING
MOBILITY
LIFETIME
DIELECTRIC
CONSTANT
TEMPARATURE
ILLUMINATION
Page: 15
ATLAS
ATLAS enables device technology
engineers to simulate the electrical, optical,
and thermal behavior of semiconductor
devices. ATLAS provides a physics-based,
easy to use, modular, and extensible
platform to analyze DC, AC, and time
domain responses for all semiconductor
based technologies in 2 and 3 dimensions.
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TECHNOLOGY
ENERGY/MATERIAL/INFORMATION
PROCESSING
CONDITIONS
PRECISE
CONTROL
• HIGH
PERFORMANCE
PRODUCT
• HIGH
RELIABILITY
• LOW COST
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POWER SEMICCONDUCTOR
DEVICES
‹ PWM
SWITCHING FREQUENCIES ABOVE THE
AUDIBLE FREQUENCIES
‹ CONVERTER
EFFICIENCY AND RELIABILITY
‹ IGBT
‹ DEMISE
OF GTO’S AND SCR’S
‹ SILICON
CARBIDE TECHNOLOGIES
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III NEW MAGNETIC MATERIALS
SMC (Somaloy500) Material Properties
Physical
Mechanical
Compressive
Strength
340 Mpa
Fatigue Strength
23 Mpa
Young’s modulus
117 Gpa
Poisson’s Ratio
0.18
Impact Energy
1J
Damping Factor
(1/Q)
Density
7.37 g/cm3
Specific heat
450 J/kg*K
Thermal expansion
11E-6 m/m*K
Resistivity
70 uΩ*m
Magnetic
1.1E-3
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B@4000A/m
1.26 T
B@10000A/m
1.51 T
Hc
270 A/m
Soft Magnetic Composite (SMC)
‹
Soft Magnetic Composites
(SMC) are composed of
surface-insulated iron powder
particles.
‹
SMC can be compressed to
form uniform isotropic
components with complex
shapes in a single step.
‹
SMC makes it possible to
define a magnetic field in three
dimensions, thereby permitting
the designer to build an electric
motor beyond the restrictions
set by the traditional
lamination technology.
Electrically Insulated Fe-powder Particles
Typical SMC micro-structure
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SMC Parts Manufacturing
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Soft Magnetic Composite (SMC) Magnetic Property
Technology improvement narrows the gap between steel and SMC.
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Advantages
‹
‹
‹
‹
‹
‹
‹
‹
‹
Reduced eddy current loss
Increased efficiency
Reduction in materials
Potential for reduced air gap length as a result of the tight tolerances
maintained in manufacturing SMC material
Potential elimination of the ground wall insulation since the SMC stator
itself acts as an insulator
Reduced conducted EMI when machine is used with inverter supplies since
the stator SMC body acts as an insulator and does not conduct current to
ground,
Reduced bearing currents in the presence of PWM waveforms again
because of the use of SMC which acts as insulation against this type of
current flow,
Modular construction allows the possibility of easy removal of an
individual modular unit for quick repair or replacement,
Stator is easily recyclable since the stator can again be compressed back
into powered form with pressure and the copper windings readily removed.
Page: 23
Disadvantages
‹ Relatively
high hysterisis loss (low frequency
loss),
‹ Slight penalty a result of smaller saturation
flux density,
‹ Relatively brittle material,
‹ Lower relative permeability (700 vs roughly
3000)
Page: 24
IV CAD TECHNOLOGY
‹ Computer
Aided Design is the technology concerned
with the use of computer systems in the
»
»
»
»
CREATION
MODIFICATION
ANALYSIS
OPTIMIZATION
‹ OBJECTIVES
» Improve the performance
» Improve the power density
» Improve the reliability
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CAD ADVANTAGES
1. CAD methods doesn't require assumed flux paths or
Empirical factor
2. Complex geometries can be designed
3. Design improvement is possible in the design stage itself.
4.
Weight of the material can be greatly minimized.
5. Design validation without resorting to expensive field
tests.
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CAD PACKAGES
ORGANIZTION OF A CAD
PACKAGE
Three identifiable Modules
1.
Preprocessor
2
Solver
3.
Post Processor
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PRE-PROCESSING
‹ Modeling
‹ Mesh
Generation
‹ Material Properties Specification
‹ Boundary Condition Application
‹ Excitation
‹ Model Validation
Page: 29
POST PROCESSING
‹ Flux
plots
‹ Numerical values
‹ Animation
Page: 30
MagNet
MagNet gives complete and accurate
electromagnetic field simulations.
Engineers can design, analyze and
optimize motors transformers
actuators or any electric or
electromechanical components
regardless of how complex.
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MAXWELL
‹ Ansoft
offers the Maxwell SV to help engineering
students visualize electromagnetic fields and
broaden their understanding of electromagnetic
physics. The Maxwell SV is a subset of Ansoft's
commercially distributed Maxwell 2D. Students can
perform AC/DC electromagnetic and electrostaticfield simulation without limitation
Page: 32
ANSYS
‹ ANSYS
Emag software addresses the analysis needs
of the low-frequency electromagnetics industry,
including electric motors, relays, solenoids, toroids,
induction heating, accelerators,medical instruments
and magnet design.
Page: 33
CAD OF SWITCHED
RELUCTANCE MACHINE
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Torque Ripple
Page: 35
Proposed Method to Reduce
Torque Ripple
Page: 36
Acoustic Noise
Source of the Problem
Page: 37
Effect of Skewing on Acoustic Noise
Geometry
Displacement in μm
Stress Kg/m2
Standard
Structure
0.589
Max:31.477
Min :0.233
Skewed rotor
structure
0.624
Max:59.845
Min :0.134
Page: 38
A Method to Reduce Acoustic
Noise
‹
POWDER MIX
‹
COMPACTION
‹
CURING OR HEAT
TREATMENT
‹
NET SHAPE
Page: 39
Future Scenario
‹
‹
‹
‹
‹
‹
Technology advancement, cost and size reduction are
promoting extensive application of drive system in
residential, Industrial and Transportation Systems
Boost in global industrial automation
Higher cost of energy and environmental regulation will
promote energy saving by Power Electronics
Wide growth of environmentally clean wind and PV Energy
Wide growth of Electric and Hybrid Vehicles as fuel cost
increases
Power Electronics will be a key technology like computers
Page: 40
REFERENCES
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M. Balaji, S. Ramkumar and V. Kamaraj
"Performance evaluation of switched reluctance machine using finite element analysis"
Proceedings of the 2nd National Conference on Cutting Edge Technologies In Power Conversion And
Industrial Drives, Sathyamangalam, India, 24 - 25 March, 2006, Paper No. PE72.
R.T. Naayagi and V. Kamaraj
"Shape optimization of switched reluctance machine for aerospace applications"
Proceedings of IECON '05, the 31st Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society,
Raleigh, NC, USA, 6 - 10 November, 2005, pp 1748 - 1751.
R.T. Naayagi and V. Kamaraj
"Optimum pole arcs for switched reluctance machine with reduced ripple"
Proceedings of PEDS '05, the 6th IEEE International Conference on Power Electronics and Drive
Systems, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 28 November - 1 December, 2005, Vol. 1, pp 761 - 764.
R.T. Naayagi and V. Kamaraj
"Minimization of torque ripple in switched reluctance machine for direct drive applications"
Proceedings of IEEE Symposium on Emerging Technologies, Islamabad, Pakistan, 17 - 18 September,
2005, pp 388 - 392.
R.T. Naayagi and V. Kamaraj
"Modeling and design of shape optimized SRM with reduced ripple"
Proceedings of the IEEE Symposium on Emerging Technologies, Islamabad, Pakistan, 17 - 18
September, 2005, pp 399 - 404.
R.T. Naayagi and V. Kamaraj
"Optimal design of switched reluctance machine"
Proceedings of ROVISP '05, International Conference on Robotics, Vision, Information and Signal
Processing, Penang, Malaysia, 20 - 22 July, 2005, Paper No. B3-5.
Page: 41
References
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R.T. Naayagi and V. Kamaraj
"Optimal design of switched reluctance machine using genetic algorithm"
Proceedings of EDPE 2005, International Conference on Electrical Drives and Power Electronics, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 26
- 28 September, 2005, Paper No. E05-11.
R.T. Naayagi and V. Kamaraj
"Optimal design of switched reluctance machine using genetic algorithm"
Proceedings of AEE '05, the WEAS 4th International Conference on Applications of Electrical Engineering, Prague, Czech
Republic, , 2005.
R.T. Naayagi and V. Kamaraj
"Torque ripple minimization of switched reluctance machine (3 phase) using genetic algorithm"
Proceedings of SOSM 2005, the 15th International Conference on Soft Computing, Optimization, Simulation and
Manufacturing Systems, Cancun, Mexico, , 2005.
R.T. Naayagi and V. Kamaraj
"A comparative study of shape optimization of SRM using genetic algorithm and simulated annealing"
Proceedings of INDICON 2005, IEEE India Annual Conference, Chennai, India, 11 - 13 December, 2005, pp 596 - 599.
M. Balaji, C.A. Vaithilingam and V. Kamaraj
"Torque ripple minimization in switched reluctance motor drives"
Proceedings of PEMD '04, the 2nd International Conference on Power Electronics, Machines and Drives, Edinburgh, UK,
31 March - 2 April, 2004, Vol. 1, pp 104 - 107.
K. Sivaprasad, P. Naveenkumar, M. Balaji and V. Kamaraj
"Performance prediction of switched reluctance machine using multilevel simulation"
Proceedings of EPE-PEMC 2004, the 11th International Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference, Riga, Latvia,
2 - 4 September, 2004, CDROM Paper No. A52627.
V. Kamaraj and C.A. Vaithilingam
"Modeling and simulation of switched reluctance machine (SRM) using MagNet6.0"
Proceedings of PEDS '03, the 5th IEEE International Conference on Power Electronics and Drive Systems, Singapore, 17
- 20 November, 2003, Vol. 1, pp 480 - 484.
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