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Earth’s
RoleRole
as aasBody
in Space
Earth’s
a body
in
Space
Origin of Earth’s motion
• Based on origin of galaxy and it’s solar system
– Big Bang theory – Play song!
– The universe originated from the instant
expansion of an extremely small agglomeration of
matter of extremely high density and
temperature.
• Universe is made of galaxies which are made
of many stars
• Some stars have planetary systems similar to
our solar system
• Earth is a satellite planet of one particular star
(SUN)
– Make a Scale Model Lab – text p. 747
I. Discovery Lab – Make a Scale Model
II. The purpose of this lab is to compare and
contrast the size and distance apart of the
Earth, Moon, and Sun.
III. If we determine the distance between and
size of the three bodies, then
IV. Construction paper, compass, scissors, glue
V. Procedures on p. 747 in text
VI. Data table
Diameter (cm)
Moon
Earth
Sun
Distance (cm)
1
between
Conclusion
VII.Questions
1. Describe the sizes of your cutout Earth and Moon
compared to the distance between them.
2. Infer why you were not instructed to cut out a
scaled Sun and place it the scaled distance.
3. How would you change the model so that it
would fit in your classroom?
**Was your hypothesis correct or not? Why or why
not?
VI.
diameter
distance
Moon
1cm
111 cm
Earth
3.7 cm
between
Sun
403.3 cm
44,400 cm
The Origin of Earth’s
Moon
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QL # 40
Answer corresponding
questions in lab portion of your
notebook.
Origin of Earth’s Moon –
Q&A
1. How did the Apollo landings on the
moon help scientists determine the
age of the moon?
-Through the Apollo landings,
scientists obtained large quantities
of lunar rock (more than 800
pounds) that could be analyzed to
determine the age of the moon.
2. Describe, in a few sentences, how
scientists use radioactivity to
determine the age of a rock.
-Radiometric dating methods rely on
the spontaneous breakdown of nuclei
(in parent atoms) to form more stable
daughter atoms. The rate at which this
breakdown occurs is predictable and
can be used to determine the age of a
rock, as long as the numbers of
radioactive parent atoms-both now and
when the rock formed-are known.
3. Why are the oldest rocks found on earth
younger than the oldest lunar rocks that
Apollo brought back from the moon?
-Earth's tectonic forces, erosion, and
other processes are constantly changing
and recreating its surface rocks. Thus,
rocks present when the earth formed no
longer exist, in all likelihood. Since these
processes do not occur on the moon,
rocks present when the moon formed are
more likely to have survived to the
present day.
4. Identify the three theories
describing the formation of the moon
that scientists debated during the
twentieth century. The three,
twentieth-century theories
describing the moon's formation are:
• fission (daughter) theory-the moon
split away from earth, leaving behind
the Pacific ocean basin
• planetary capture (spouse) theorythe moon was a wandering planet,
captured by earth's gravity
• coaccretion (sister) theory-the earth
and moon formed from the same
material simultaneously
5. What theory for the origin of the moon is
accepted by most scientists today? What
advantages does this theory have over the
theories you described in question 4?
-The current theory for the moon's origin
proposes that it formed early in the planetformation period of the universe. A small
planet is thought to have collided with
earth, propelling rocky material from
earth's surface into space. This material
orbited earth and, eventually, coalesced to
form the moon.
6. Based on your research, how would you
answer the Focus Question: Our moon: sister,
daughter, or spouse of the earth? Is there an
answer other than sister, daughter, or spouse
that would address the relation of the moon
to the earth? Explain.
-Given the currently accepted theory, the
relationship between the moon and earth can
best be described as one of daughter and
parent. Late in the earth's growth phase, a
collision occurred between earth and another
small planetary body. The impact blasted a
massive amount of surface material into
space, where it enter earth's orbit and
coalesced into the body we know as the
moon.
Origin of Moon Theory
Bellringer: NCFE 2013#3
2/1/2017
How does a straight alignment
between Earth, sun, and moon
impact the tides on Earth?
A It produces the greatest
change in high and low tides
B It produces the least changes
in high and low tides
C It produces semidiurnal tides
D It produces diurnal tides
Tidal impact due to gravitational
interaction between the Earth
and moon
Bellringer 9/12/16 –
Cause of Tides
• What causes spring tides?
Neap tides? Text p. 764
“Moon Dance” – Video
Questions
1.
When did Neil Armstrong step off of the Apollo onto the
Moon?
2. When did the moon begin to form?
3. What are the three theories of how the moon formed?
4. What created the cratered appearance of the Moon?
5. What are the dark areas of the moon called?
6. What activities on the moon ended approximatly 3 mya?
7. What creates ocean tides?
8. Why are there two high tides in a day?
9. True or False: We always see the same side of the
moon?
10. What are the phases of the moon?
11. What will happen when the Earth’s orbit and the Moon’s
rotation synchronize?
Bellringer
• Bellringer – Draw Figure 28.15
on page 760
• Label the winter and summer
solstice and the autumnal and
spring equinox.
Bellringer: NCFE 2014
#14
• How does the tilt of the Earth’s
axis affect the seasons?
A by changing the amount of
direct solar energy reaching the
surface of Earth
B by influencing the rate of
chemical reactions occurring in
the atmosphere
C by deflecting the harmful rays
Check for understanding
NCFE 2014 #10
• Which natural phenomenon
occurs as a result of Earth
rotating on its axis?
A movement of tectonic plates
B deep ocean currents
C seasonal changes
D day and night
Bellringer: 2013 NCFE
If#2:
it is summer in the northern
hemisphere, which statement is
true?
A Earth has changed the tilt of its
axis by 20 degrees due to its
revolution.
B It is winter in the southern
hemisphere due to the tilt of
Earth’s axis
C It is summer in the southern
hemisphere due to the tilt of
Day and night due to Earth’s rotation
What causes Earth’s Seasons?
Seasonal changes due to the tilt and
revolution of the Earth.
Rotation and Revolution Venn
Rotation
Similar
Revolution
Occurs on a point such as
the Earth’s axis
Both move in a circular
motion
Occurs “around” an object
such as the sun
“spinning”
Movement
“elliptically orbiting”
Earth = 24 hours=1 day
Both affect the Earth
Earth = 365 days = 1 year
Causes Night and Day
Causes Seasons
Individual planet
Involves more than one
object
In combination with tilt
determines amount of
solar radiation reaching
Earths surface
Tilt of Earth’s Axis

Results in seasons due to the amount of
solar energy impacting the Earth’s surface
Planetary orbit
Precession – caused by moons
gravitational force on Earth
• Change in direction of the axis without change
in tilt – changes stars near the North Celestial
Pole approximately every 26,000 years
Nutation
• Wobbling around the precessional axis
– Change in the angle – ½ degree one way or the
other
– Occurs every 18 years
– Caused by moon
– Slightly increase or decrease the amount of
seasonal effects
Barycenter – Barycenter of solar
system
• Point between two objects where they
balance each other
– Ex: Center of mass where two or more celestial
bodies orbit each other.
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Discover for Yourself
How to model the barycenter for the Earth-Moon system.
1. On the end of a skewer place a small ball of clay.
2. Tie the string near the end of the skewer opposite the small clay
ball.
3. Mold a large ball of clay around the end of the skewer so that the
supporting string is within the surface of the ball as shown.
Add more clay as well as move the string along the skewer until this
system balances.
Note: The Skewer-Clay System should be able to swing freely as
well as to rotate around the string.
4. Once the system is balanced on the string, push one end so that it
spins around the supporting string.
What to Expect:
The barycenter is within the larger clay ball, thus the string sticks out
of the large clay ball. The difference between the mass of the Earth
and its moon are examples of this difference. Remember that the
barycenter is a place in space between two bodies.
Planetary Orbits
• Kepler’s First Law:
• Law of ellipses – shape planets orbit sun
• the sun occupies one focus of the ellipse, not
the center. The other focus is empty. An
ellipse is “almost” a circle, so the universe is
geometric although not perfect in the Platonic
sense. 1 AU = 1.496 X 108 = distance between
sun and earth
Law of ellipses
• Focus – point that determine shape and
ellipse
• Major axis and semimajor axis (1 AU
between sun and Earth)
• Aphelion – farthest point from the sun
• Perihelion – closest point from the sun
• Shape of planet’s elliptical orbit is defined
by it’s eccentricity
• eccentricity = ratio of distance between
the foci and the length of the major axis
p. 777
I. Eccentricity (e)
II. The purpose of this lab is to examine the
shape of a planet’s orbit around the sun.
III. If we increase the distance between
the foci, then the (e) of will
____________. If we increase the
length of the string, then (e) will ____.
IV. cardboard, thumbtacks, string, paper,
pencil, metric ruler
V. Refer to procedures on p. 141 Exploring
Beyond Earth
I. Eccentricity
II. The purpose of this lab is to examine the
shape of a planet’s orbit around the sun.
III. If we determine the eccentricity of
earth, mercury, and pluto, then the
eccentricity of __________ will be the
greatest.
IV. string, chalk, metric ruler
V. Follow teachers instructions
VI.
Constructed
ellipse
d (cm)
L (cm)
e = (d/l)
#1
3
9.9
.303
#2
2
11
.182
#3
1
12.2
.082
Earth’s Orbit
Mercury’s Orbit
Pluto’s Orbit
.0056
.6667
.017
.0265
.2581
.2056
.2488
VII. Analysis Questions
1. What effect does a change in the length of the string or
2.
3.
4.
5.
the distance between the tacks have on the shape of
the ellipse?
What must be done to the string or placement of tacks
to decrease the eccentricity of a constructed ellipse?
Describe the shape of the earth’s orbit. Where is the
sun located within the orbit?
What planets have the most eccentric orbit?
For which planet is the difference between the aphelion
and perihelion distances the least, and why?
VII. Analysis & Conclusion
1. Increase length of string or decreasing the
2.
3.
4.
5.
distance of tacks makes ellipse more circular.
Move tacks closer or lengthen the string.
More circular than elliptical and sun centered.
Pluto, Mercury, and Earth
Venus perihelion and aphelion varies the least
because it has a low eccentricity, thus its
distance from the sun varies little.
*** Hypothesis correct or not? WHY?
Kepler’s Second Law
• Planets equal areas swept in equal time.
778
2nd law explained
• Kepler’s 3rd Law:
– P2 = a3
– P = orbital period in years
– a = semimajor axis of the orbital ellipse
Problem Solving Lab – Kepler’s 3rd
Law – page 791 & appendix J page
921
Planet
p2 (Years)
A3 (au)
Mercury
.058086
.058005
Venus
.3785
.3784
Earth
1
1
Mars
3.5375
3.5363
Jupiter
140.7020
140.9608
Saturn
867.6945
879.8843
Uranus
7057.7321
7078.9230
Neptune
27154.3579
61343.2043
27127.6203
60400.9898
Pluto
• Relative motion of Earth in the solar system,
the solar system in the galaxy and the galaxy
in the universe
– Expanding nature of the universe
– Orbital motion around sun – seasons
– Rotation on our axis – day & night
Planetary Motion
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QL # 948
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Bellringer
• Define Precession. What causes precession?
P. 783
Bellringer
• Draw and Label Figure 29-2 on p. 776:
• Include aphelion and perihelion
Sun
• Sun is not stationary
• Moves as the planets tug on it, causing it to
orbit the solar system’s barycenter.
Sliced the Sun Article: Discover
September 2009
Write the questions and answers!
1. Why do sunspots appear dark?
2. What are prominences?
3. Give an example of how the sun’s activity
affects Earth.
4. What is the Corona?
5. What will the Solar Probe Plus mission
measure?
Bellringer: NCFE 2013 # 5
• How does heat from the sun get to the earth?
• A by radiation, using electromagnetic waves
to transfer the heat
• B by convection, using liquids and gases to
transfer the heat
• C by conduction, using solids to transfer the
heat
• D By absorption, using primary waves to
transfer the heat
Combustion and Nuclear Reactions
• Compare
– Fusion – (process that produces radiant energy of
stars) combining of lightweight nuclei into heavier
nuclei ex: hydrogen into helium
– Fission – splitting of heavy atomic nuclei into
smaller, lighter nuclei (ex: helium into hydrogen)
Fission vs Fusion Activity
Fusion - p. 809-810, 821-822, and 859
Fission – p. 695, 809
****On the post it, describe, define, or give a
difference or similarity of fusion or fission.
Nuclear Fission
Definition
Natural
occurrence of the
process
Byproducts of
reactions
conditions
Energy
requirements
Energy Released
Nuclear weapon
Nuclear Fusion
Nuclear Fission
Nuclear Fusion
Definition
Splitting larger atoms
into smaller ones
Fusing of two or more
lighter atoms into larger
Natural occurrence of
the process
Not normally
Stars (sun)
Byproducts of reactions
Highly radioactive
particles
Few radioactive
particles
conditions
Critical mass and high
speed neutrons
High density and high
temp. environment
Energy requirements
Little energy
High energy required
Energy Released
Million times greater
than chemical reactions
but less than fusion
3 to 4 x greater than
fission
Nuclear weapon
Fission or atomic bomb
Hydrogen bomb uses
fission to trigger
Fission
Similarity
Fusion
Bellringer: 2013 NCFE #4
• Which describes the difference between nuclear fission and
nuclear fusion?
A Nuclear fission is the process that produces the radiant energy
of stars, and nuclear fusion splits a heavier nucleus into smaller
nuclei
B Nuclear fission splits heavier nucleus into smaller nuclei, and
nuclear fusion is the process that produces the radiant energy of
stars
C Nuclear fission produces the energy in the core of Earth, and
nuclear fusion produces energy in nuclear power plants
D Nuclear fission produces energy in nuclear power plants, and
nuclear fusion produces the energy in the core of the Earth.
Bellringer
• Define Maunder minimum. Describe what it
causes. P. 372
• Where does most of the light emitted by the
sun come from? P. 806
Bellringer
• What is the electromagnetic spectrum? What
types of light are produced by the sun? p. 748
The Science Channel – The
electromagnetic spectrum
1. What does EMS stand for?
2. What are the different types of
waves?
3. What types of properties do EM
waves have?
4. What part of the spectrum can we
see?
Electromagnetic waves produced by the
sun. How are they filtered by atmosphere?
• What are they?
– Radio
– Micro – Infrared – most blocked by CO2 and H2O
– Visible
– Ultraviolet – most blocked by Ozone (skin cancer)
– X ray – Ozone blocks
– Gamma – Electric force (magnetic field) blocks
Summarize how energy flows from the
sun to the Earth through space.
• ultraviolet, visible, and infrared energy reach
Earths surface. Figure 11-4 page 275 textbook
Differential heating of Earth’s surface
• Water temperature vs Land temperature
– Which heats and cools more rapidly? P. 275
I. Differential heating of Earth
II.
The purpose of this lab is to determine
whether the earth’s surface heats and cools
more rapidly than the earths water.
III. If we place equal amounts of water and soil
in two containers in the sun, then the
water/soil will heat and cool more rapidly.
IV. Water, soil, containers, thermometer
VI. Temperature of Soil and Water
Time (minutes)
Initial
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Soil
Water
VII. Conclusion
1. Which container had the greatest change in
temperature?
2. Why do you think this container had the greatest
temperature change?
3. Specific heat is the heat required to raise the
temperature of the unit mass of a given substance
by a given amount (usually one degree). Which has
a lower specific heat water or soil? Why?
*** Was your hypothesis correct? Why or why not?
Solar energy to chemical energy
• photosynthesis
• Photosynthesis
Protector!
• Earth’s magnetic field protects the planet from
the harmful effects of radiation
• Gamma RAYS!
Bellringer: 2013 NCFE#6
Why do green plants require solar energy?
A to produce their own food
B to absorb nitrogen into their roots
C to release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere
D to decompose the dead or decaying remains
of animals
Bellringer
• Where does most of the light emitted by the
sun come from? Why? P. 806
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Test
Review
Terms
Elliptical orbit
• Fission
Rotation
Axis
Full moon
Aphelion
Major axis
Foci
Semimajor axis
Perihelion
Sun
Maunder minimum
Solar day
Seasons
Lunar phases
photosphere
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Fusion
Electromagnetic radiation
Ecliptic
Vernal equinox
Solar eclipse
Lunar eclipse
Summer solstice
Autumnal equinox
Winter solstice
Keplar’s laws
Law of universal gravitation
precession