Download HSP3U Archeology and Human Evolution

HSP3U
Archeology/Human Evolution/Defining Humans
February 19th, 2015
ARCHEOLOGY
Archeology is the ________ anthropology of the
past
 Archeologists excavate ________ remains of past
cultures to __________ and reconstruct them
 Some archeologists study cultures with no
_______ record (prehistory) or study sites that
have a recorded history to supplement their
understanding of the ___________
 Often, written histories are __________ or contain
only some ________ of society
 Archeologists work with _________ and physical
and cultural anthropologists to make sense of the
past
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PREHISTORIC ARCHEOLOGY
For civilizations with no ________ record,
__________ is the only way to find out how people
lived hundreds or thousands of years ago
 By understanding the movements of certain
__________ (tobacco for example) archeologists
can understand trade _______, contact between
peoples, and agricultural and _________ practices
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ARCHEOLOGY AND HISTORY
Archeology can also tell us about the _____ life of
people who may not be included in the _________
history
 Archeology is the _________, documentation, and
analysis of ________ that remain to shed light on
human prehistory, _________, and cultural
evolution
 William Rathje concluded from his study that
what people say they do, and what they actually
do are different, that these differences are
__________, and that often people will do the
exact opposite of what they say
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Examples???
PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY
PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY
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Physical anthropologists want to know:
Where humans, as a species, come from
 How our bodies evolved to their present form
 What makes humans unique
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PALEOANTHROPOLOGY
Often called the ‘_______’ and ‘________’ branch of
physical anthropology
 It is the study of human __________ based on
evidence from the distant evolutionary _____
 These human-like ancestors were called
hominins
 Much of the __________ is in the form of
preserved _________ or impressions of biological
matter or _________
 Evidence includes skeletal remains, ancient
______, animal bones, and remains of vegetable
matter
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WHAT CAN ANTHROPOLOGISTS LEARN
FROM ANCIENT BONES??
In 1974, D. Johnson found the skeletal remains of
‘______’ (named after the Beatles song)
 Lucy is part of a new _______ species, that
walked the earth 3.2 _______years ago
 Lucy has provided anthropologists with a wealth
of __________ (found femur and pelvis, teeth and
skull fragments)
 In 2006, another ancestral skeleton was found in
the Afar triangle in Ethiopia – named Selam
 Selam had the earliest confirmation of a ________
bone, which indicates the origin for ________
(hyoid is the bone found in larynx that supports
the muscles in the throat and tongue)
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WHERE DO HUMANS COME FROM???
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Charles Darwin established the theory of _______
selection – explained how animals and plants
__________
In 1831 he spent 4 years on the HMS Beagle where
he made observations of wildlife and ________ he
collected
He proposed that species are forced to ________,
otherwise the species would become _________ –
process of natural selection/survival of the _______,
only the most successful traits get passed on
Huge societal impact!
He was the first person to provide evidence of the
African ________ of humanity
WHEN DID HUMANS WALK UPRIGHT?
One of the major __________ between humans
and other __________ is that humans walk
habitually on ______ legs
 This ____________ is called bipedalism
 Anthropologists examine ________ and look for
traits that would be supportive of the bipedal
form of ____________
 One of the most important finds in
paleoanthropology was Mary Leakey’s discovery
of Laetoli __________(preserved in volcanic ash) –
indicate bipedalism began at least 3.6 _________
years ago, well before the development of larger
________ in hominins
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WHAT CAN ANTHROPOLOGISTS LEARN
FROM ANCIENT STONES?
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Stone _______ help paleoanthropologists accurately ______
a site and discover more about the hominins who used
them
The oldest stone tools are large cobbles or choppers, which
are about 2.5 __________ years old
Examining old stone tools, the most effective part is the
small flake ________, the flakes are razor sharp and can be
used to butcher ________ or make sharp sticks
While experimentation can tell anthropologists what a tool
could be used for, __________ analysis of a tool can indicate
what it was actually used for
Polished tool can indicate if it was used to cut meat, wood or
plants
Another method is to examine ancient animal bones for ______
It is evident that hominins were cutting meet at least 2.5 million
years ago
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REFLECT AND RESPOND
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Answer questions #2-5 pg. 43