Download Joints

Joints
Classification of Joints
• Structural Classification
– Presence or absence of a space (synovial cavity)/
– Type of Connective Tisssue/
• Functional Classification
– Relates to the degree of movement they permit.
Structural Classification of Joints
• Fibrous Joints
– Fibrous CT
– Lack a synovial cavity
• Cartilaginous Joints
– Cartilage
– Lack a synovial cavity
• Synovial Joints
– Have a synovial cavity
– Dense irregular CT
– Often associated with accessory ligaments
Functional Classification of Joints
• Synarthrosis (syn = together)
– Immovable joint
• Amphiarthrosis (amphi = on both sides)
– A slightly moveable joint
• Diarthrosis (moveable joint)
– A freely moveable joint
– Synovial joints
Fibrous Joints
• Lacks a synovial cavity
• Little or no movement
Fibrous Joints
• Sutures
– Immovable
– Synostosis – suture that is replaced by bone in the adult
• Syndesmoses
– Slightly moveable (amphiarthrosis)
– Ligament
– Interosseous membrane
• Gomphoses
– Dentoalveolar joint
Cartilaginous Joints
• Lacks a synovial cavity
• Allows little or no movement
• Synchondroses
– Epiphyseal plate
• Symphyses
– Pubic symphisis
– Intervertebral discs
Synovial Joints
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Synovial (Joint) Cavity – space btwn. Bones
Freely moveable
The bones are covered by hyaline cartilage
Contains the following:
– Articular capsule
– Synovial fluid
– Accsessory ligaments and articular discs
Arthroscopy
• Observaion of the interior of a joint
• Utilizes a lighted, pencil-thin instrument
• Assists in surgery and assessment of the joint
space
Sprain & Strain
• Sprain – a forcible wrenching or twisting of the
joint that stretches or tears its ligaments, but
does not dislocate the bones.
– The ankle joint is the most often sprained.
– The lumbar spine is another prominent location of
sprain.
• Strain – a stretched or partially torn muscle.
Bursae & Tendon Sheaths
• Bursae
– Saclike structures
– Reduce friction in some synovial joints
• Tendon sheaths
– Tubelike bursae that wrap around tendons
– Occurs where tendons pass through synovial
cavities
– Reduce friction
Bursitis
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An acute or chronic inflammation of a bursa
Caused by trauma or infection
Repeated excessive exertion
Symptoms
– Pain, swelling, inflammation & limited movement
• Treatment
– Oral anti-inflammatory agents (herbal, O.T.C. And
prescription), corticosteroid injections
Types of Synovial Joints
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Plantar Joints
Hinge Joints
Pivot Joints
Condyloid Joints
Saddle Joints
Ball & Socket Joints
Types of Movements at Synovial
Joints
• Gliding
– Simple back and forth movement, limited in range, planar
joints
• Angular Movements
– Increase or decrease in the angle btwn. bones
• Rotation
– Bone revolves around a longitudinal axis
• Special Movements
Angular Movements
• Flexion, extension, lateral flexion,
hyperextension
• Abduction, adduction, and circumduction
Rotation
• Medial (internal) rotation
• Lateral (external) rotation
Special Movements
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Elevation
Depression
Protraction
Retraction
Inversion
Special Movements
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Eversion
Dorsiflexion
Plantar flexion
Supination
Pronation
Opposition
Dislocation
• Luxation – displacement of a bone from a joint
– Causes tearing or ligaments, tendons, and
articular capsules
• Subluxation
– Incomplete dislocation
Rotator Cuff Injury
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Supraspinatous
Infraspinatous
Teres Minor
Subscapularis
Common injury among pitchers and volleyball
players due to excessive circumduction
Separated Shoulder
• Injury of the acromioclavicular joint
• Due to forceful trauma such as when the
shoulder strikes the ground in a fall
Tennis Elbow
• Lateral epicondylitis
• Little-league elbow
Golfer’s Elbow
• Medial Epicondylitis
Dislocation of the Radial Head
• The most common upper limb dislocation in
children
• Occurs with a strong pull to the forearm while
it is extended and supinated
• Swinging a child around with outstretched
arms
Swollen Knee
• Immediate swelling is due to blood loss
• Delayed swelling is due to excessive
production of synovial fluid “water on the
knee”
Dislocated Knee
• Displacement of the tibia relative to the femur
• Most commonly dislocates anteriorly
Rheumatism
• Any painful disorder of the supporting
structures of the body – bones, ligaments,
tendons, or muscles – that is not caused by
infection or injury.
Arthritis
• A form of rheumatism in which the joints are
swollen, stiff, and painful.
Types of Arthritis
• Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
– Autoimmune disease – the body attacks its own
tissues
• Osteoarthritis (OA)
– Degenerative joint disease
• Gouty arthritis
– A person with gout produces excessive uric acid or
is unable to excrete it properly
Lyme Disease
• First reported in Lyme, CT
• Bacteria transported by deer ticks
• The rash often resembles a bull’s eye target,
although some people never develop a rash
• Symptoms
– Joint stiffness, fever, chills, headache, stiff neck,
nausea
Terminology
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Arthralgia – pain in a joint
Bursectomy – removal of a bursa
Chondritis – inflammation of cartilage
Synovitis – inflammation of a synovial
membrane in a joint