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Lecture Notes
A PowerPoint Presentation
Classroom Activity to
Accompany Medical
Terminology Systems,
Seventh Edition
Barbara A. Gylys ∙ Mary Ellen Wedding
14
Endocrine
System
14
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Structure and Function
•Pituitary gland
•Thyroid gland
•Parathyroid
•Adrenal glands
•Pancreas
•Pineal and thymus glands
• Ovaries and testes (part of
reproductive and endocrine
systems)
2
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Structure and Function (continued)
•Consisting of endocrine (ductless) glands
•Secretion of chemicals called hormones
directly into the bloodstream
•Control and integration of many bodily
functions
•Action of hormones on target organs to
increase or decrease the target’s activity level
•Monitoring and interpretation of and reaction
to changes in the body and external
environment to maintain homeostasis
3
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Structure and Function (continued)
•Pituitary gland (hypophysis)
Tiny, pea-shaped structure at the base of the brain
Consists of an anterior and posterior lobe
Known as the “master gland” of the body
Regulation of many body activities
Stimulation of other glands to secrete their own
specific hormones
• Effects of its hormones felt throughout the body
•
•
•
•
•
4
14
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Structure and Function (continued)
•Pituitary gland
(continued)
• Anterior lobe (adenohypophysis) — secretion of six
hormones
• Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which regulates the
production of steroid hormones by the adrenal gland
• Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), which stimulates egg
production in the ovaries or sperm production in the
testes
• Growth hormone (GH), also called somatotropin, which
regulates growth of bones and other tissues
5
14
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Structure and Function (continued)
•Pituitary gland
(continued)
• Anterior lobe (adenophypophysis) — secretion of
six hormones (continued)
• Luteinizing hormone (LH), which stimulates production of
sex hormones by the ovaries or testes
• Prolactin, which stimulates growth of breast tissue and
milk production in females
• Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), which regulates
activity of the thyroid gland
6
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Structure and Function (continued)
•Pituitary gland
(continued)
• Posterior lobe (neurohypophysis) — secretion of
two hormones
• Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also called vasopressin
• Regulation of urinary output
• Role in blood pressure regulation
• Oxytocin
• Inducement of labor in pregnant women by
stimulating contractions in the uterus
• Promotion of milk secretion from the mammary
glands
7
14
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Structure and Function (continued)
•Thyroid gland
• Two lobes on either side of the trachea
• Secretion of three hormones
• Calcitonin, which regulates normal blood levels of calcium
and phosphate (in conjuction with parathyroid hormone)
• Triiodothyronine (T3), which increases the rate of cellular
metabolism
• Thyroxine (T4), which increases the rate of cellular
metabolism after being converted to T3 in the tissues
8
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Structure and Function (continued)
•Parathyroid gland
• Two pairs of pea-shaped organs located on the
underside of the thyroid gland
• Secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH)
• Regulation of normal blood levels of calcium and
phosphate (in conjunction with calcitonin)
9
14
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Structure and Function (continued)
•Pancreas
• Elongated organ located just below the stomach in
back of the abdomen
• Secretion of two hormones
• Insulin, which removes glucose from the blood by
promoting storage in tissues as carbohydrates when
blood glucose levels are high
• Glucagon, which stimulates the release of sugar from
storage sites in the liver when blood glucose levels are
low
10
14
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Structure and Function (continued)
•Pineal gland
• Small, pinecone–shaped organ located deep within
the brain just behind the thalamus
• Secretion of melatonin, which influences the
maturation of sexual organs during puberty
11
14
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Structure and Function (continued)
•Thymus gland
• Butterfly-shaped organ located between the lungs
• Withering away during puberty, leaving adults with
fat and connective tissue in its place
• Secretion of thymosin, which plays a role in
development of the immune response in infants
12
14
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Structure and Function (continued)
•Ovaries
• Functioning in the female reproductive and
endocrine systems
• Secretion of two female sex hormones
• Estrogen (estradiol), which stimulates development of ova
(eggs) and secondary sex characteristics
• Progesterone, which prepares and maintains the uterus in
pregnancy
13
14
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Structure and Function (continued)
•Testes
• Functioning in the male reproductive and
endocrine systems
• Secretion of male sex hormone testosterone
• Responsible for the development of secondary sex
characteristics and sex drive
• Necessary for sperm production
• Maintenance of the reproductive organs in adult males
14
14
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Structure and Function Exercise
1. What is a target?
2. What are common conditions that result in
various pathologies of the endocrine system?
3. Why is the pituitary known as a master
gland?
15
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Structure and Function Exercise
1. What is a target? Organ or tissue that
responds to a hormone
2. What are common conditions that result in
various pathologies of the endocrine system?
Hypersecretion or hyposecretion of a
hormone
3. Why is the pituitary known as a master
gland? It regulate many bodily activities and
stimulates other glands to secrete specific
hormones.
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Combining Forms Exercise
List the CF(s) for:
1. pancreas:
2. thyroid gland:
3. thymus gland:
4. secrete:
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Combining Forms Exercise
List the CF(s) for:
1.pancreas: pancreat/o
2.thyroid gland: thyr/o,
thyroid/o
3.thymus gland: thym/o
4.secrete: crin/o
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Combining Forms Exercise
5. adrenal glands:
6. poison:
7. sugar, sweetness:
8. same, alike:
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Combining Forms Exercise
5. adrenal glands: adren/o, adrenal/o
6. poison: toxic/o, tox/o
7. sugar, sweetness: gluc/o, glyc/o, glycos/o
8. same, alike: home/o
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Combining Forms Exercise
9. calcium:
10. potassium (an electrolyte):
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Combining Forms Exercise
9. calcium: calc/o
10. potassium (an electrolyte): kal/i
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Complete the Medical Word Exercise
1. excessive (many, much) thirst: poly/
2. pertaining to poisonous activity of the
thyroid:
/
/toxic
3. sugar in urine:
/uria
4. blood with excessive or abnormal glucose:
/
/emia
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Complete the Medical Word Exercise
1. excessive (many, much) thirst: poly/dipsia
2. pertaining to poisonous activity of the
thyroid: thyr/o/toxic
3. sugar in urine: glycos/uria or glucos/uria
4. blood with excessive or abnormal glucose:
hyper/glyc/emia
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Complete the Medical Word Exercise
5. instrument to measure sugar:
/o/
6. excessive (many, much) urination: poly/
7. condition of deficient insulin: hypo/
/
8. secrete within (internally): endo/
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Complete the Medical Word Exercise
5. instrument to measure sugar: gluc/o/meter
6. excessive (many, much) urination: poly/uria
7. condition of deficient insulin:
hypo/insulin/ism
8. secrete within (internally): endo/crine
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Complete the Medical Word Exercise
9. secrete outwardly (outside, outward):
/crine
10. enlargement of the thyroid gland:
thyr/o/
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Complete the Medical Word Exercise
9. secrete outwardly (outside, outward):
exo/crine
10. enlargement of the thyroid gland:
thyr/o/megaly
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14
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Build Medical Words Exercise
1. specialist in study of poisons:
2. inflammation of the pancreas:
3. enlargement of extremities:
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Build Medical Words Exercise
1. specialist in study of poisons: toxic/o/logist
or toxic/o/log/ist
2. inflammation of the pancreas: pancreat/itis
3. enlargement of extremities: acr/o/megaly
30
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Build Medical Words Exercise
4. sugar, sweetness (in the) urine:
5. tumor (composed of) insulin:
6. blood condition with potassium (an
electrolyte):
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Build Medical Words Exercise
4. sugar, sweetness (in the) urine: glycos/uria
or glucos/uria
5. tumor (composed of) insulin: insulin/oma
6. blood condition with potassium (an
electrolyte): kal/emia
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Diseases and Conditions
Graves Disease
•Most common form of hyperthyroidism
•Caused by oversecretion of hormones (T4 and
T3) by the thyroid gland, in which elevated
levels produce profound changes in the body’s
physiological processes
•More common in women than men
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Diseases and Conditions (continued)
Graves Disease
(continued)
•Signs and symptoms
•Exophthalmos (See
illustration.)
•Elevated metabolic rate
•Heat intolerance
•Weight loss, fatigue, and
muscle weakness
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Diseases and Conditions (continued)
Graves Disease
(continued)
•Signs and symptoms
(continued)
•Enlarged thyroid, also called goiter
(See illustration.)
•Thyrotoxic crisis (storm), including
many cardiac manifestations
•Tachycardia
•Arrhythmias
•Heart murmurs
•Cardiomegaly
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Diseases and Conditions (continued)
Graves Disease
(continued)
•Treatment
•Depending on patient’s age and the severity of the
disease
•Antithyroid agents to block hormone synthesis within
the thyroid gland
•Alteration in the structure of the thyroid gland
through surgery or radioactive iodine therapy
•Beta blockers in combination with one of the
treatments listed above
36
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
1. Mrs. Y., a patient with Graves disease, is
concerned about the abnormal protrusion of
her eyeballs. The doctor explains that this
protrusion is a common symptom of Graves
disease, and is called
.
2. Ms. M. is scheduled to undergo excision of
her thyroid gland, a surgery charted as
.
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
1. Mrs. Y., a patient with Graves disease, is
concerned about the abnormal protrusion of
her eyeballs. The doctor explains that this
protrusion is a common symptom of Graves
disease, and is called exophthalmos or
exophthalmia.
2. Ms. M. is scheduled to undergo excision of
her thyroid gland, a surgery charted as
thyroidectomy.
38
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
3. Mrs. N. suffers from hyperthyroidism. She
states that her mother had Graves disease
and asks about the connection between
Graves disease and hyperthyroidism. How
should the physician respond?
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
3. Mrs. N. suffers from hyperthyroidism. She
states that her mother had Graves disease
and asks about the connection between
Graves disease and hyperthyroidism. How
should the physician respond? Graves
disease is the most common form of
hyperthyroidism.
40
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
4. Mr. Z. is diagnosed with Graves disease and
asks why his eyes are protruding. How
should the physician respond?
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
4. Mr. Z. is diagnosed with Graves disease and
asks why his eyes are protruding. How
should the physician respond? The
protrusion is due to an accumulation of
cellular material behind the eyeballs, which
is stimulated by hypersecretion of thyroidstimulating hormone.
42
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Diseases and Conditions
Cushing Syndrome
•Caused by exposure to excess cortisol
•Adrenal or pituitary problem
•Long-term use of corticosteroids
•More common in females
43
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Diseases and Conditions (continued)
Cushing Syndrome (continued)
•Signs and symptoms
•Central obesity with thin arms
and legs
•Fat pad on upper back (buffalo
hump)
•Round, “moon-shaped” face with
acne and facial hair (See
illustration.)
44
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Diseases and Conditions (continued)
Cushing Syndrome (continued)
•Signs and symptoms
(continued)
•Secondary diabetes due to insulin resistance
•Glucose intolerance due to stimulation of
gluconeogenesis
•Muscle wasting and thin skin with purple striae as a
result of cortisol’s catabolic effect on tissues
•Hypokalemia due to sodium retention and
postassium loss in the urine
45
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Diseases and Conditions (continued)
Cushing Syndrome (continued)
•Signs and symptoms
(continued)
•Catabolic effects on bone leading to osteoporosis,
pathological fractures, and back pain from
compression fractures of the vertebrae
•Risk of infection due to anti-inflammatory and
immunosuppressive actions of cortisol
•Mental status changes in about half of patients,
from irritability to psychosis (sometimes referred to
as steroid psychosis)
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Diseases and Conditions (continued)
Cushing Syndrome (continued)
•Treatment
•Restoration of cortisol concentration to normal levels
•Varied, according to etiology
•Restoration of serum concentration of cortisol to
normal levels
•Surgery or radiation therapy to remove a tumor
•Drugs or radiation to suppress adrenocorticotropic
hormone (ACTH) secretion
•Discontinuing or reducing corticosteroid drug use
•High-potassium or low-sodium diet
47
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
1. Ms. J. is diagnosed with Cushing syndrome.
The physician explains that treatment aims
to restore the normal levels of the principal
steroid hormone produced by the adrenal
cortex, which is known as (calcitonin,
cortisol, oxytocin).
48
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
1. Ms. J. is diagnosed with Cushing syndrome.
The physician explains that treatment aims
to restore the normal levels of the principal
steroid hormone produced by the adrenal
cortex, which is known as (calcitonin,
cortisol, oxytocin).
49
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
2. Ms. M. is diagnosed with Cushing syndrome
and learns that it is caused by a tumor in
her adrenal cortex. The physician
recommends surgery followed by
chemotherapy. Surgery to remove the
adrenal gland(s) is known as
.
50
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
2. Ms. M. is diagnosed with Cushing syndrome
and learns that it is caused by a tumor in
her adrenal cortex. The physician
recommends surgery followed by
chemotherapy. Surgery to remove the
adrenal gland(s) is known as adrenalectomy.
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
3. Mrs. T. is worried about treating her
Cushing syndrome. The physician explains
that one of the complications of untreated
Cushing syndrome is elevated blood
pressure. The medical term for this
complication is
.
4. Mrs. N. complains of puffiness and water
retention. The nurse explains that sodium
retention causes increased fluid in tissues, a
swelling called
.
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
3. Mrs. T. is worried about treating her
Cushing syndrome. The physician explains
that one of the complications of untreated
Cushing syndrome is elevated blood
pressure. The medical term for this
complication is hypertension.
4. Mrs. N. complains of puffiness and water
retention. The nurse explains that sodium
retention causes increased fluid in tissues, a
swelling called edema.
53
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Diseases and Conditions (continued)
Growth Hormone (GH) Imbalance
•GH (somatropin) responsible for growth
of bones, cartilage, and soft tissue
•Synthesized and secreted by the anterior
pituitary gland
•Hypersecretion of GH — two forms
• Acromegaly, hypersecretion during adulthood
• Gigantism, hypersecretion during childhood
•Hyposecretion of GH — one form
• Dwarfism, hyposecretion during childhood
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Diseases and Conditions (continued)
GH Imbalance (continued)
•Signs and symptoms
•Acromegaly
•Hypersecretion of GH during adulthood
•Fusion of growth plates at ends of long bones, which
prevents person from growing taller
•Widening and enlargement of facial features, jaw,
hands, and feet
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Diseases and Conditions (continued)
GH Imbalance (continued)
•Signs and symptoms
(continued)
•Gigantism
•Hypersecretion of GH during childhood
•Excessive growth of bones and tissues due to high
level of GH (See illustration, left.)
•Height changes of up to 6″ in 1 year in children
•Abrupt development, resulting in abnormally
increased height
56
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Diseases and Conditions (continued)
GH Imbalance (continued)
•Signs and symptoms
(continued)
•Dwarfism
•Hyposecretion of GH during childhood
•Lack of growth and short stature but with normal
body proportions
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Diseases and Conditions (continued)
GH Imbalance (continued)
•Treatment
•Hyposecretion of GH
•Drug therapy with growth hormone
•Surgery if a tumor is the cause
•Hypersecretion of GH
•Drug therapy to suppress secretion of growth hormone
•Surgery to remove an adenoma or radiation therapy to destroy
the adenoma
58
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
1. The physician explains to Mrs. J. that her
son’s short stature is a condition known as
dwarfism. This condition is due to
(hyposecretion, hypersecretion,
hypertrophy) of growth hormone (GH).
59
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
1. The physician explains to Mrs. J. that her
son’s short stature is a condition known as
dwarfism. This condition is due to
(hyposecretion, hypersecretion,
hypertrophy) of growth hormone (GH).
60
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
2. Mr. M. will undergo excision of his pituitary
gland. The physician explains that he will
require lifelong replacement of thyroid
hormone, corticosteroids, and sex
hormones in order to maintain a stable
internal environment. The regulation
required to maintain this stable environment
in the body is called (homogenous,
homeostasis, homologous).
61
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
2. Mr. M. will undergo excision of his pituitary
gland. The physician explains that he will
require lifelong replacement of thyroid
hormone, corticosteroids, and sex
hormones in order to maintain a stable
internal environment. The regulation
required to maintain this stable environment
in the body is called (homogenous,
homeostasis, homologous).
62
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
3. Mrs. P. is diagnosed with acromegaly caused
by a pituitary tumor. The physician explains
that surgery to remove the gland is required
and can be performed endoscopically
(through the nose). This procedure is known
as a(n) (hypophysectomy, adenectomy,
rhinectomy).
63
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
3. Mrs. P. is diagnosed with acromegaly caused
by a pituitary tumor. The physician explains
that surgery to remove the gland is required
and can be performed endoscopically
(through the nose). This procedure is known
as a (hypophysectomy, adenectomy,
rhinectomy).
64
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Diseases and Conditions (continued)
Diabetes Mellitus
•Group of metabolic diseases
•Characterized by high glucose levels
•Caused by defects in insulin secretion, action,
or both
•Two primary forms
•Type 1 (insulin dependent) diabetes mellitus
•Type 2 (non–insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus
65
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Diseases and Conditions (continued)
Diabetes Mellitus
(continued)
•Two primary forms
•Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus
•Chronic metabolic disorder marked by hyperglycemia
•Inability of the pancreas to produce enough insulin to properly
control blood glucose levels
•Most commonly diagnosed in children, adolescents, or young
adults
66
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Diseases and Conditions (continued)
Diabetes Mellitus
•Two primary forms
(continued)
(continued)
•Type 2 (non–insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus
•Gradual onset that occurs in middle age, commonly in
overweight patients (because fat interferes with the body’s
ability to use insulin)
•Characterized by high blood glucose levels that lead to a
chronic, lifelong disease that requires medical management
•Insulin resistance and inadequate insulin secretion to sustain
normal metabolism
67
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Diseases and Conditions (continued)
Diabetes Mellitus
(continued)
•Signs and symptoms
•Type 1
•Fatigue
•Polyphagia, polyuria, and polydipsia
•Unplanned weight loss
•Blurred vision (common in hyperglycemic patients with
polyphagia)
•Diabetic ketoacidosis with loss of metabolic control (such as
during periods of infection or noncompliance with therapy)
68
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Diseases and Conditions (continued)
Diabetes Mellitus
(continued)
•Signs and symptoms
•Type 2
(continued)
•Commonly asymptomatic
•Polyphagia, polydipsia, and polyuria
•Frequent or slow-healing infections
•Fatigue
•Blurred vision (common in hyperglycemic patients)
69
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Diseases and Conditions (continued)
Diabetes Mellitus
(continued)
•Treatment
•Type 1
•Specialized diet and regular exercise
•Intensive foot and eye care
•Medications, including insulin to lower blood glucose levels
•Type 2
•Calorie-restricted diet with regular aerobic exercise
•Oral drugs
• Increase pancreatic secretion of or cellular sensitivity to insulin
• Decrease absorption of carbohydrates from the GI tract
•Insulin injections (if combinations of oral drugs fail to regulate
blood glucose levels)
70
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
1. Mrs. Q. has symptoms of polyphagia, polydipsia,
and polyuria. The physician explains that these are
classic symptoms of (ketosis, diabetes,
myxedema).
2. Ms. V. has type 1 diabetes and complains of fluid
retention and back pain. The physician explains
kidney disease is a complication of untreated DM,
and diagnoses her condition as diabetic
(nephropathy, cystopathy, uropathy).
71
14
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
1. Mrs. Q. has symptoms of polyphagia, polydipsia,
and polyuria. The physician explains that these are
classic symptoms of (ketosis, diabetes,
myxedema).
2. Ms. V. has type 1 diabetes and complains of fluid
retention and back pain. The physician explains
kidney disease is a complication of untreated DM,
and diagnoses her condition as diabetic
(nephropathy, cystopathy, uropathy).
72
14
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
3. Ms. T.’s fasting blood glucose laboratory
result is 150. This abnormally elevated blood
glucose level is charted as
.
4. During a patient education session about
diabetes, the nurse explains that exact
insulin measurement is important. Too much
insulin will result in an abnormally low blood
glucose level, a condition called
.
73
14
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
3. Ms. T.’s fasting blood glucose laboratory
result is 150. This abnormally elevated blood
glucose level is charted as hyperglycemia.
4. During a patient education session about
diabetes, the nurse explains that exact
insulin measurement is important. Too much
insulin will result in an abnormally low blood
glucose level, a condition called
hypoglycemia.
74
14
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Vocabulary Challenge Exercise
1. hormone:
2. exophthalmos:
75
14
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Vocabulary Challenge Exercise
1. hormone: complex chemical substance
produced in one part of the body that
regulates the activity of an organ or group of
cells in another part of the body
2. exophthalmos: abnormal protrusion of the
eyeball caused by tumor (one eye affected) or
hyperthyroidism (both eyes affected)
76
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Vocabulary Challenge Exercise
3. glucagon:
4. hirsutism:
77
14
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Vocabulary Challenge Exercise
3. glucagon: hormone that raises blood glucose
levels
4. hirsutism: excessive growth of hair or the
presence of hair in unusual places (especially
in women) caused by abnormalities in
androgen production or adverse effects of
medication or hormone therapy
78
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Vocabulary Challenge Exercise
5. myxedema:
79
14
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Vocabulary Challenge Exercise
5. myxedema: most severe form of
hypothyroidism, characterized by swelling of
the hands, face, feet, and periorbital tissue
and possibly leading to coma and death
80
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Medical and Surgical Procedures
•Insulin injection
•Rotation of multiple daily
injections to several sites
(See illustration.)
•Absorption and effectiveness
determined by injection site
•Rapid absorption: abdomen and
then upper arm and thigh areas
•Slower absorption: subcutaneous
fat and hip and buttock areas
•No injection within 2″ of the
navel
81
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Medical and Surgical Procedures
(continued)
•Glucose testing with a glucometer
•Monitoring test of glucose levels in the blood
(glycemia)
•Self-monitoring, usually done before meals and
at bedtime
•Piercing of skin, typically on the finger, to draw
blood
•Application of blood to a test strip
82
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Medical and Surgical Procedures
(continued)
•Insulin delivery with an
insulin pump
•Use of a small pump device that
delivers subcutaneous insulin
•Typically worn on the abdomen
or buttocks
•Continuous delivery of insulin in
small amounts via a tiny
catheter with bolus doses added
by pushing a button
83
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Medical and Surgical Procedures
(continued)
•Hypophysectomy
•Minimally invasive
endoscopic surgery to excise
the pituitary gland (See
illustration.)
•Transsphenoidal approach via
the nose or just under the upper
lip
•Possible transfrontal
craniotomy (entry through
the frontal bone of the skull)
to remove a large tumor
84
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Medical and Surgical Procedures
(continued)
•Adrenalectomy
•Lobectomy
•Thymectomy
•Thyroidectomy
85
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
1. Mrs. J. is diagnosed with a thymoma. The
physician informs her that he must excise it.
in a surgical procedure called
.
2. Mr. X. is diagnosed with hyperthyroidism.
The physician explains that excision of one
lobe of the thyroid will stabilize his
condition. The surgical procedure to remove
a lobe is called
.
86
14
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
1. Mrs. J. is diagnosed with a thymoma. The
physician informs her that he must excise it.
in a surgical procedure called thymectomy.
2. Mr. X. is diagnosed with hyperthyroidism.
The physician explains that excision of one
lobe of the thyroid will stabilize his
condition. The surgical procedure to remove
a lobe is called lobectomy.
87
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
3. Ms. C. undergoes a biopsy that reveals a
malignant tumor of the adrenal gland. The
physician charts this malignant tumor as an
adrenal
.
4. Mr. K.’s MRI reveals a rare tumor of the
adrenal glands composed of chromaffin cells.
This type of tumor is known as a(n) (cytoma,
pheochromocytoma, adrenal sarcoma).
88
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
3. Ms. C. undergoes a biopsy that reveals a
malignant tumor of the adrenal gland. The
physician charts this malignant tumor as an
adrenal carcinoma.
4. Mr. K.’s MRI reveals a rare tumor of the
adrenal glands composed of chromaffin cells.
This type of tumor is known as a (cytoma,
pheochromocytoma, adrenal sarcoma).
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Clinically Related Exercise
5. Ms. R. will use an insulin pump to replace the
multiple insulin injections she takes
throughout the day. This pump delivers
insulin directly into her bloodstream via a
small, hollow tube called a(n)
.
6. Ms. D. is diagnosed with diabetes. The nurse
demonstrates how to get a blood sample and
insert it into a device to measure blood
glucose. This device is called a(n)
.
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Clinically Related Exercise
5. Ms. R. will use an insulin pump to replace the
multiple insulin injections she takes
throughout the day. This pump delivers
insulin directly into her bloodstream via a
small, hollow tube called a catheter.
6. Ms. D. is diagnosed with diabetes. The nurse
demonstrates how to get a blood sample and
insert it into a device to measure blood
glucose. This device is called a glucometer.
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Diagnostic Procedures
•Fasting blood glucose (FBG)
•Glucose tolerance test (GTT)
•Radioactive iodine uptake test (RAIU)
•Thyroid function test (TFT)
•Total calcium
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Build Medical Words Exercise
1. blood condition of deficient calcium:
2. blood condition of excessive calcium:
3. tumor of the thymus gland:
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Build Medical Words Exercise
1. blood condition of deficient calcium:
hypo/calc/emia
2. blood condition of excessive calcium:
hyper/calc/emia
3. tumor of the thymus gland: thym/oma
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Build Medical Words Exercise
4. enlargement of the thyroid gland:
5. blood condition of excessive glucose:
6. urine that contains sugar:
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Build Medical Words Exercise
4. enlargement of the thyroid gland:
thyr/o/megaly
5. blood condition of excessive glucose:
hyper/glyc/emia
6. urine that contains sugar: glycos/uria or
glucos/uria
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Pharmacology
•Hormone replacement therapy (HRT)
•Insulins
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Clinically Related Exercise
1. A 10-year-old boy is diagnosed with type 1
diabetes. To control his blood glucose levels,
the physician prescribes (corticosteroids,
insulin, thyroid hormone).
2. Mrs. J. is in menopause. To control her
symptoms of hot flashes and vaginal
dryness, the physician prescribes an oral
synthetic hormone of (calcium, estrogen,
testosterone).
98
14
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
1. A 10-year-old boy is diagnosed with type 1
diabetes. To control his blood glucose levels,
the physician prescribes (corticosteroids,
insulin, thyroid hormone).
2. Mrs. J. is in menopause. To control her
symptoms of hot flashes and vaginal
dryness, the physician prescribes an oral
synthetic hormone of (calcium, estrogen,
testosterone).
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14
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
3. Mr. R. underwent a thyroidectomy. To replace
the production of hormones T3 and T4, the
physician prescribes (calcium,
corticosteroids, thyroid supplements).
4. Ms. S. is postmenopausal and finds she is at
risk for osteoporosis. Her physician
recommends preventing bone loss by taking
a supplement called (calcium, sodium,
thyroid).
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14
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
3. Mr. R. underwent a thyroidectomy. To replace
the production of hormones T3 and T4, the
physician prescribes (calcium,
corticosteroids, thyroid supplements).
4. Ms. S. is postmenopausal and finds she is at
risk for osteoporosis. Her physician
recommends preventing bone loss by taking
a supplement called (calcium, sodium,
thyroid).
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