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Reproduction, Growth and Development in Living Organisms Reproduction Defined • Who can reproduce? – A species is defined as a group of similar organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring • Types of Reproduction – Asexual: formation of offspring from a single parent – Sexual: two parents join together to form a new individual Kingdom Protista Reproduction • Asexual Reproduction: one protist splits into two Growth and Development • Once Protists become too large to maintain a balanced environment, they will begin the reproduction process. Kingdom Plantae Spores • Single reproductive cell that can grow into a new organism • Adaptation for life on land because it is light weight and easily carried by wind Seeds • Reproductive structure that contains a plant embryo • Provide a protective coat and nutrients until the embryo germinates • Two types of seed producing plants: – Angiosperms – Gymnosperms Ferns: Seedless vascular Plants Ferns: Spores on underside of leaves Reproduction with Spores: Fern Sperm Spores being released Spores on the underside of fern Egg Zygote (Fertilized Egg) Mature Fern Reproduction with Seeds • Gymnosperms (“naked seed”) – Reproduce using male and female cones Male Cone: produces pollen Female Cone: contains eggs Life Cycle of A Gymnosperm Gymnosperm Seeds Reproduction with Seeds • Angiosperms – Reproduce using flowers with male and female parts. An ovary(fruit) grows around the zygote. – The flowers also act to attract pollinators, such as bees, butterflies, and other insects. Life cycle of an Angiosperm Angiosperm Fruit https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4ttRgMj7PdQ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q80pcN0lp8s Kingdom Animalia External Fertilization • Sperm and egg meet outside of the body Internal Fertilization • Sperm and egg meet inside the female body. External Fertilization • Frogs spawning https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q50Yphp1gzI Growth and Development Kingdom Plantae • Germination – A plant growing from a seed or a spore Kingdom Animalia • Metamorphosis – Transforming from an immature form to an adult form Complete Metamorphosis Incomplete Metamorphosis Kingdom Animalia • Amniotic Egg – Allowed the first reptiles to colonize land Kingdom Animalia: Class Mammalia Marsupial Mammals Placental Mammals • Young develop for a short time in the mother and then complete their development in a pouch located on the outside of their mother • Give birth to live young that developed in the mother’s uterus • Placenta – An organ that passes nutrients and oxygen between mother and developing embryo Marsupial Mammals https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2lCKc8tURtc Placental Mammals https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1kZW8e79Bm0