Download The Six Kingdoms - What are the general characteristics that

The Six Kingdoms
- What are the general characteristics that distinguish the six Kingdoms from
each other?
- you will use the information on p. 132 - 167 to complete Table 1: Kingdom
Worksheet
- as you fill in the chart, these are the things you will be looking for:
cell type - prokaryotic or eukaryotic?
cell wall - present or not?
- If present what is it composed of?
body form - unicellular (made up of one cell)
- multicellular (made up of more than one cell)
- colonial (unicellular but live in colonies)
nutrition - how does the organism obtain its nutrition?
- photosynthesis, chemosynthesis, absorption, ingestion,
heterotroph, autotroph
nervous system - present or absent?
reproduction - asexual, sexual or both?
locomotion - able to move or not?
examples for each Kingdom
Complete Table 1: Kingdom Worksheet
Kingdom Plantae ( p. 164 - 181 )
- what are the general characteristics that distinguish the major groups of
plants from each other?
- you will use the information on p. 164 - 181 to complete Table 2: Plants
Worksheet
- as you fill in the chart, these are the things you will be looking for:
vascular vs. nonvascular
vascular tissue - collections of cells arranged to conduct solutions
throughout the plant (links the tips of the roots to the highest leaves)
It transports water, dissolved minerals and sugars to all parts of the
plant so the plant can carry out life functions (p. 164)
dependancy on water - is water needed for
reproduction?
dominant generation - plant life cycles consist of two
generations - known as Alternation of
Generations
(Fig. 6.3 page 166)
In some plants, the sporophyte generation is dominant and in others, the
gametophyte generation is dominant.
Sporophyte - part of the life cycle that produces spores
Gametophyte - part of the life cycle that produces gametes (eggs or
sperm)
reproduction - water required or not?
- protection of eggs/seeds?
examples for each type of plant
Complete Table 2: Plant Worksheet
Why are Angiosperms considered to be the most diverse (most successful) group
of plants? ( page 175 - 181 )
1. the assistance of animals (eg. bees) and wind in pollination
2. the presence of structures in plants specific to attracting certain animal
pollinators whom the plants supply with food (ie. flowers - different color and
shape flowers attract different types of pollinators)
3. the way seeds are protected (eg. inside fruit)
4. the function of fruit in seed dispersal (eg. animals eat the fruit but the seeds
don’t get digested. They get passed through the digestive system of the animal and
dispersed away from the original plant)
5. the presence of specialized tissues in plants to help them survive heat, cold and
drought (eg. specialized leaf tissue)
Plant work sheet (evolutionary trends)
Do Fern Life Cycle (p. 173 Fig. 6.9)
Kingdom Animalia ( page 182 - 196 )
- animals can be broken into two major groups:
Invertebrates
or
Vertebrates
- invertebrates are animals without a backbone ( ~95% of the animal kingdom )
- vertebrates are animals with a backbone( ~5% of the animal kingdom)
- you will complete two tables: one on the invertebrates and one on the
vertebrates
- to complete the invertebrate table you will use the information on p. 182 - 189
(especially the table on p. 183-184 ) and make note of the following:
body symmetry (p.185) - basic body plan of animals
Note: Figure 6.17 p. 185
- animals are either:
Asymmetrical - no real body plan ( irregular shape )
or
Symmetrical - regular or balanced body plan
- two types:
radial
or
Body parts repeat around
a central point
bilateral
only one way
to cut the animal to get
equal halves (mirror image)
body cavity (coelom) (p. 185-186)
Note: Figure 6.18 p 186
- a fluid -filled body cavity which provides space for the development
and suspension of organs and organ systems.
- animals with a coelom are called coelomates and those without a coelom
are called acoelomates
- Why is a coelom important?
It provides a space in which internal organs can be suspended so that they
are not negatively affected by muscle pressure or body movement.
It provides a space for internal organs to develop and expand
it contains fluids that may assist in internal transport; nutrient (digestion)
and gas exchange (respiration/breathing).
digestion (p. 182-183)
- intracellular - individual cells do the digesting (very simple animals)
- extracellular - food is digested in a wholly or partially developed
digestive system which can be:
1 - Two-way Digestion (incomplete) - only has one opening ; food and
wastes enter and leave through a single opening (simpler organisms)
2 - One-way Digestion (complete) - has two openings ; food enters one
way and wastes exists through a separate opening (more complex
organisms)
reproduction (p. 186)
- asexual? sexual? both?
- type of fertilization (where egg is fertilized) - internal (inside the
female’s body) or external (outside the females body)
- hermaphrodites? separate sexes?
examples of each invertebrate phyla
Why are Arthropods the most successful class of animals?
( p. 186 - 187 )
presence of a rigid, jointed exoskeleton
- provides a waterproof, protective armour, a site for muscle
attachment
( must shed the exoskeleton to grow - molting )
specialized nature of body segments
- head, thorax and abdomen
- and the jointed appendages that attach to these segments are
adapted for a wide range of functions - sensory reception, eating,
locomotion (swimming, walking, flying) and reproducing
well developed nervous system
adaptations for feeding
- mouth parts are well adapted to what the animal eats ( eg.
caterpillars have mouth parts adapted to chew leaves; mosquitoes
have mouthparts adapted to pierce the skin and suck out blood )
highly developed social behavior
- bee hives, ant hills, termite mounds
camouflage
- to complete the vertebrate table, you will use the information on p. 190 - 196
and make note of the following:
endoskeleton -is the endoskeleton composed of cartilage, bone or
both?
respiratory system - does the organism use gills, lungs or both?
circulatory system - how many chambers does the heart have?
___?___ atria and ___?___ ventricles
reproduction - where does fertilization of the egg and development of
the embryo take place (internal, external or both)
examples of each vertebrate class
Do Frog Life Cycle (page 193 figure 6.26)
Life Cycles
Viruses- Eg: T4 virus
Lytic Cycle:
Summary of 5 steps:
1. Attachment- T4 attaches to a specific receptor site on the host’s wall.
Weak chemical bonds form between the attachment and receptor sites,
attaching the virus to the host.
2. Entry- T4 injects its nucleic acid (DNA) into the host. The viral DNA passes
through the core and into the cell. The capsid remains outside.
3. Replication- bacterial DNA is used to replicate many parts of the virus.
4. Assembly- Assembly of new virus particles occurs.
5. Lysis and Release- The host cell plasma membrane and cell wall lyses
(breaks open) releasing the new virus particles. The host cell dies.
Kingdom: Bacteria (p.134-5)
Eg. E. coli
Binary Fission:
Video of Binary Fission (Bacteria Life Cycle):
Summary of 4 Steps:
1.
As the bacterial cell grows, it makes a copy of its original, single chromosome
(loop shape).
2.
The cell elongates (lengthens) and the chromosomes move to take position in
either end of the cell. A septum begins to form, separating the two ends of
the cell.
3.
The septum completes itself; distinct walls form.
4.
Cells separate as two new cells.
Kingdom: Protista (p. 146)
(Phylum Sporozoa)
-
Sporozoans are parasites
Eg: Plasmodium vivax
- Causes malaria in humans
- Needs two hosts to complete the
life cycle.
ie. mosquitos and humans
Video of Malaria Life Cycle:
Stages in the life cycle of Plasmodium vivax:
A. Mosquito bites infected person, ingesting reproductive gametes (cells) of
Plasmodium present in the human red blood cells.
B. Inside the mosquito, the gametes join to form the zygote (fertilized egg). In
the mosquito gut, the zygote divides many times to produce sporozoites,
(spore-like fragments).
C. Sporozoites travel to mosquito’s salivary glands and wait to infect a human
(when the mosquito bites one).
D. In the human liver, the sporozoites reproduce asexually to form another type
of spore-like cells. The new spores enter the blood stream, invade the red
blood cells and multiply. These cells produce male and female gametes.
E. The red blood cells rupture, releasing the spores to infect other red blood
cells. In this stage, chills and fever symptoms of malaria occur. Eventually, a
mosquito may bite this human and so continue the life cycle.
Kingdom: Fungi (p. 154)
Eg. Yeasts, molds, mildews, mushrooms
Phylum Zygomata – Eg: Rhizopus stolonifera
- Like bacteria, this group of fungi keep sexual reproduction for times when
conditions are not favorable for growth.
Summary:
Asexual Reproduction: (Occurs under favorable conditions):
1.
Stolons (horizontal hyphae) spread out over the bread surface. Rhizoids (vertical hyphae)
penetrate the bread and anchor the mycelium.
2.
Stalk-like hyphae called sporangiophores carrying sporangia (spores-bearing capsules)
project up from the mycelium.
3.
Spores are released and develop its own mycelium.
Sexual Reproduction: (Occurs in unfavorable conditions):
1.
Zygospores (diploid) are produced after + and – mating strains of hyphae (haploid) combine,
join nuclei and produce a zygospore.
2.
Meiosis occurs and zygospore grows a sporangium containing haploid spores.
3.
These spores germinate to grow new hyphae.
Asexual reproduction is different from sexual reproduction in that:
Sexual
Asexual
1)
+ and – strains join to form a
1)
No strains meet (No zygospore
zygospore
formed)
2)
Occurs during unfavorable times
2)
Occurs during favorable times
(most
common)
Plantae- Fern
Summary:
- Sporangum produces haploid spores that germinate to form a gametophyte
called a prothallus.
- Prothallus produces antheridia (male organs) and archegonia (female organs).
- Sperm swim through a droplet of water to an egg produced by the
archegonium.
- The fertilized egg begins to grow into a sporophyte.
- The sporophyte matures and roots and fronds develop out of the growing
rhizome.
- Sori develop on the pinnae. Spores are formed in the sori by meiosis.
Animalia- Ex: Frog
Summary: External Fertilization, External Development
1. Female lays cluster of eggs and the male releases sperm directly onto the egg
cluster.
2. The young tadpoles that hatch look very different from adults. They contain
gills for respiring and have a tail for swimming. Called a Tadpole.
3. Older tadpoles start to develop legs.
4. Young frogs have well-developed legs and has lost it’s tail.
5. Adult frog is well adapted for life on land.
Characteristic
Agnatha
(Jawless Fish)
Endoskeleton
Cartilage (no
jaw)
Respiratory
No operculum
(gills)
Circulatory
Two chambered Two chambered Two
heart (1 atrium; heart (1 atrium; 1 chambered
1 ventricle)
ventricle)
heart (1
atrium; 1
ventricle)
Reproduction
External
External
fertilization and fertilization
development
(internal for
sharks) and
development
Lamprey,
Sharks, skates,
hagfish
rays
Examples
Chondrichthyes
(Cartilagenous
Fish)
Cartilage
No operculum
(gills)
Osteichthyes
(Bony Fish)
Amphibia
(Ambhibians)
Reptilia
(Reptiles)
Aves
(Birds)
Mammalia
(Mammals)
Some cartilage
but mostly
bone
Gills covered
by operculum
Some cartilage
but mostly
bone
Gills (tadpoles);
skin; lungs
(frog)
Three
chambered
heart (2 atria;
1 ventricle)
Some cartilage
but mostly bone
Some cartilage
but mostly bone
Some cartilage
but mostly bone
Lungs
Lungs (air sacs)
Well developed
lungs
Three chambered
heart – 2 atria; 1
ventricle
(incomplete
septum for 3rd
chamber)
Internal
fertilization and
external
development
Four chambered
heart (2 atria; 2
ventricles)
Four chambered
heart (2 atria; 2
ventricles
Internal
fertilization and
external
development
Internal
fertilization and
internal
development
Snakes, turtles
Birds
Humans, whales
External
fertilization
and
development
External
fertilization
and
development
Trout, cod,
salmon
Frogs,
salamanders