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Transcript
The Six Kingdoms - What are the general characteristics that distinguish the six Kingdoms from each other? - you will use the information on p. 132 - 167 to complete Table 1: Kingdom Worksheet - as you fill in the chart, these are the things you will be looking for: cell type - prokaryotic or eukaryotic? cell wall - present or not? - If present what is it composed of? body form - unicellular (made up of one cell) - multicellular (made up of more than one cell) - colonial (unicellular but live in colonies) nutrition - how does the organism obtain its nutrition? - photosynthesis, chemosynthesis, absorption, ingestion, heterotroph, autotroph nervous system - present or absent? reproduction - asexual, sexual or both? locomotion - able to move or not? examples for each Kingdom Complete Table 1: Kingdom Worksheet Kingdom Plantae ( p. 164 - 181 ) - what are the general characteristics that distinguish the major groups of plants from each other? - you will use the information on p. 164 - 181 to complete Table 2: Plants Worksheet - as you fill in the chart, these are the things you will be looking for: vascular vs. nonvascular vascular tissue - collections of cells arranged to conduct solutions throughout the plant (links the tips of the roots to the highest leaves) It transports water, dissolved minerals and sugars to all parts of the plant so the plant can carry out life functions (p. 164) dependancy on water - is water needed for reproduction? dominant generation - plant life cycles consist of two generations - known as Alternation of Generations (Fig. 6.3 page 166) In some plants, the sporophyte generation is dominant and in others, the gametophyte generation is dominant. Sporophyte - part of the life cycle that produces spores Gametophyte - part of the life cycle that produces gametes (eggs or sperm) reproduction - water required or not? - protection of eggs/seeds? examples for each type of plant Complete Table 2: Plant Worksheet Why are Angiosperms considered to be the most diverse (most successful) group of plants? ( page 175 - 181 ) 1. the assistance of animals (eg. bees) and wind in pollination 2. the presence of structures in plants specific to attracting certain animal pollinators whom the plants supply with food (ie. flowers - different color and shape flowers attract different types of pollinators) 3. the way seeds are protected (eg. inside fruit) 4. the function of fruit in seed dispersal (eg. animals eat the fruit but the seeds don’t get digested. They get passed through the digestive system of the animal and dispersed away from the original plant) 5. the presence of specialized tissues in plants to help them survive heat, cold and drought (eg. specialized leaf tissue) Plant work sheet (evolutionary trends) Do Fern Life Cycle (p. 173 Fig. 6.9) Kingdom Animalia ( page 182 - 196 ) - animals can be broken into two major groups: Invertebrates or Vertebrates - invertebrates are animals without a backbone ( ~95% of the animal kingdom ) - vertebrates are animals with a backbone( ~5% of the animal kingdom) - you will complete two tables: one on the invertebrates and one on the vertebrates - to complete the invertebrate table you will use the information on p. 182 - 189 (especially the table on p. 183-184 ) and make note of the following: body symmetry (p.185) - basic body plan of animals Note: Figure 6.17 p. 185 - animals are either: Asymmetrical - no real body plan ( irregular shape ) or Symmetrical - regular or balanced body plan - two types: radial or Body parts repeat around a central point bilateral only one way to cut the animal to get equal halves (mirror image) body cavity (coelom) (p. 185-186) Note: Figure 6.18 p 186 - a fluid -filled body cavity which provides space for the development and suspension of organs and organ systems. - animals with a coelom are called coelomates and those without a coelom are called acoelomates - Why is a coelom important? It provides a space in which internal organs can be suspended so that they are not negatively affected by muscle pressure or body movement. It provides a space for internal organs to develop and expand it contains fluids that may assist in internal transport; nutrient (digestion) and gas exchange (respiration/breathing). digestion (p. 182-183) - intracellular - individual cells do the digesting (very simple animals) - extracellular - food is digested in a wholly or partially developed digestive system which can be: 1 - Two-way Digestion (incomplete) - only has one opening ; food and wastes enter and leave through a single opening (simpler organisms) 2 - One-way Digestion (complete) - has two openings ; food enters one way and wastes exists through a separate opening (more complex organisms) reproduction (p. 186) - asexual? sexual? both? - type of fertilization (where egg is fertilized) - internal (inside the female’s body) or external (outside the females body) - hermaphrodites? separate sexes? examples of each invertebrate phyla Why are Arthropods the most successful class of animals? ( p. 186 - 187 ) presence of a rigid, jointed exoskeleton - provides a waterproof, protective armour, a site for muscle attachment ( must shed the exoskeleton to grow - molting ) specialized nature of body segments - head, thorax and abdomen - and the jointed appendages that attach to these segments are adapted for a wide range of functions - sensory reception, eating, locomotion (swimming, walking, flying) and reproducing well developed nervous system adaptations for feeding - mouth parts are well adapted to what the animal eats ( eg. caterpillars have mouth parts adapted to chew leaves; mosquitoes have mouthparts adapted to pierce the skin and suck out blood ) highly developed social behavior - bee hives, ant hills, termite mounds camouflage - to complete the vertebrate table, you will use the information on p. 190 - 196 and make note of the following: endoskeleton -is the endoskeleton composed of cartilage, bone or both? respiratory system - does the organism use gills, lungs or both? circulatory system - how many chambers does the heart have? ___?___ atria and ___?___ ventricles reproduction - where does fertilization of the egg and development of the embryo take place (internal, external or both) examples of each vertebrate class Do Frog Life Cycle (page 193 figure 6.26) Life Cycles Viruses- Eg: T4 virus Lytic Cycle: Summary of 5 steps: 1. Attachment- T4 attaches to a specific receptor site on the host’s wall. Weak chemical bonds form between the attachment and receptor sites, attaching the virus to the host. 2. Entry- T4 injects its nucleic acid (DNA) into the host. The viral DNA passes through the core and into the cell. The capsid remains outside. 3. Replication- bacterial DNA is used to replicate many parts of the virus. 4. Assembly- Assembly of new virus particles occurs. 5. Lysis and Release- The host cell plasma membrane and cell wall lyses (breaks open) releasing the new virus particles. The host cell dies. Kingdom: Bacteria (p.134-5) Eg. E. coli Binary Fission: Video of Binary Fission (Bacteria Life Cycle): Summary of 4 Steps: 1. As the bacterial cell grows, it makes a copy of its original, single chromosome (loop shape). 2. The cell elongates (lengthens) and the chromosomes move to take position in either end of the cell. A septum begins to form, separating the two ends of the cell. 3. The septum completes itself; distinct walls form. 4. Cells separate as two new cells. Kingdom: Protista (p. 146) (Phylum Sporozoa) - Sporozoans are parasites Eg: Plasmodium vivax - Causes malaria in humans - Needs two hosts to complete the life cycle. ie. mosquitos and humans Video of Malaria Life Cycle: Stages in the life cycle of Plasmodium vivax: A. Mosquito bites infected person, ingesting reproductive gametes (cells) of Plasmodium present in the human red blood cells. B. Inside the mosquito, the gametes join to form the zygote (fertilized egg). In the mosquito gut, the zygote divides many times to produce sporozoites, (spore-like fragments). C. Sporozoites travel to mosquito’s salivary glands and wait to infect a human (when the mosquito bites one). D. In the human liver, the sporozoites reproduce asexually to form another type of spore-like cells. The new spores enter the blood stream, invade the red blood cells and multiply. These cells produce male and female gametes. E. The red blood cells rupture, releasing the spores to infect other red blood cells. In this stage, chills and fever symptoms of malaria occur. Eventually, a mosquito may bite this human and so continue the life cycle. Kingdom: Fungi (p. 154) Eg. Yeasts, molds, mildews, mushrooms Phylum Zygomata – Eg: Rhizopus stolonifera - Like bacteria, this group of fungi keep sexual reproduction for times when conditions are not favorable for growth. Summary: Asexual Reproduction: (Occurs under favorable conditions): 1. Stolons (horizontal hyphae) spread out over the bread surface. Rhizoids (vertical hyphae) penetrate the bread and anchor the mycelium. 2. Stalk-like hyphae called sporangiophores carrying sporangia (spores-bearing capsules) project up from the mycelium. 3. Spores are released and develop its own mycelium. Sexual Reproduction: (Occurs in unfavorable conditions): 1. Zygospores (diploid) are produced after + and – mating strains of hyphae (haploid) combine, join nuclei and produce a zygospore. 2. Meiosis occurs and zygospore grows a sporangium containing haploid spores. 3. These spores germinate to grow new hyphae. Asexual reproduction is different from sexual reproduction in that: Sexual Asexual 1) + and – strains join to form a 1) No strains meet (No zygospore zygospore formed) 2) Occurs during unfavorable times 2) Occurs during favorable times (most common) Plantae- Fern Summary: - Sporangum produces haploid spores that germinate to form a gametophyte called a prothallus. - Prothallus produces antheridia (male organs) and archegonia (female organs). - Sperm swim through a droplet of water to an egg produced by the archegonium. - The fertilized egg begins to grow into a sporophyte. - The sporophyte matures and roots and fronds develop out of the growing rhizome. - Sori develop on the pinnae. Spores are formed in the sori by meiosis. Animalia- Ex: Frog Summary: External Fertilization, External Development 1. Female lays cluster of eggs and the male releases sperm directly onto the egg cluster. 2. The young tadpoles that hatch look very different from adults. They contain gills for respiring and have a tail for swimming. Called a Tadpole. 3. Older tadpoles start to develop legs. 4. Young frogs have well-developed legs and has lost it’s tail. 5. Adult frog is well adapted for life on land. Characteristic Agnatha (Jawless Fish) Endoskeleton Cartilage (no jaw) Respiratory No operculum (gills) Circulatory Two chambered Two chambered Two heart (1 atrium; heart (1 atrium; 1 chambered 1 ventricle) ventricle) heart (1 atrium; 1 ventricle) Reproduction External External fertilization and fertilization development (internal for sharks) and development Lamprey, Sharks, skates, hagfish rays Examples Chondrichthyes (Cartilagenous Fish) Cartilage No operculum (gills) Osteichthyes (Bony Fish) Amphibia (Ambhibians) Reptilia (Reptiles) Aves (Birds) Mammalia (Mammals) Some cartilage but mostly bone Gills covered by operculum Some cartilage but mostly bone Gills (tadpoles); skin; lungs (frog) Three chambered heart (2 atria; 1 ventricle) Some cartilage but mostly bone Some cartilage but mostly bone Some cartilage but mostly bone Lungs Lungs (air sacs) Well developed lungs Three chambered heart – 2 atria; 1 ventricle (incomplete septum for 3rd chamber) Internal fertilization and external development Four chambered heart (2 atria; 2 ventricles) Four chambered heart (2 atria; 2 ventricles Internal fertilization and external development Internal fertilization and internal development Snakes, turtles Birds Humans, whales External fertilization and development External fertilization and development Trout, cod, salmon Frogs, salamanders