Download File - Mr Addington

THE WAR
ITSELF
LINCOLN, THE
ELECTION OF
1860, AND
SECESSION
LINCOLN: THE MAN
@ 23 owned half of a struggling general
store
Successful lawyer with a reputation as a
formidable adversary during crossexaminations and closing arguments
He served four successive terms in the
Illinois House of Representatives
In 1846, Lincoln was elected to the U.S.
House of Representatives, where he
served one two-year term
On October 16, 1854, in his "Peoria
Speech", Lincoln declared his opposition
to slavery, which he repeated en route to
the presidency
LINCOLN DOUGLAS DEBATES
The 1858 senate campaign featured the seven Lincoln–Douglas
debates of 1858, the most famous political debates in American
history
The format for each debate was: one candidate spoke for 60
minutes, then the other candidate spoke for 90 minutes, and then
the first candidate was allowed a 30-minute "rejoinder." The
candidates alternated speaking first. As the incumbent, Douglas
spoke first in four of the debates.
Douglas Becomes The Senator
SURPRISE!
LINCOLN V DOUGLAS
Abraham Lincoln
Republican
Slavery is
Immoral
Yay!
Popular
Sovereignty
Stephen Douglas
Northern Democrat
Wait What?!
Let’s Talk
Compromise
Union as Is!
You Guys
Suck!
John Breckinridge
Southern Democrat
John Bell
Constitutional Unionist
(From Whigs and Know Nothings)
CONSTITUTIONAL
UNION?
•Made up of Former Know-Nothings & Whigs
•The platform of the American Party (Know
Nothings) had called for…
• Severe limits on immigration, especially from
Catholic countries.
• Restricting political office to native-born
Americans of the Protestant persuasion.
• Mandating a wait of 21 years before an
immigrant could gain citizenship.
• Restricting public school teacher positions to
Protestants.
• Mandating daily Bible readings in public
schools.
• Increased restrictions on alcohol
• Restricting the use of languages other than
English.
•Constitutional Unionists- "to recognize no
political principle other than the Constitution...the
Union...and the Enforcement of the Laws."
LINCOLN’S CAMPAIGN
Lincoln made no new speeches and
did not leave his hometown of
Springfield, Illinois.
•
Although he met with hundreds of
visitors, Lincoln answered all political
questions by advising listeners to read
his published speeches, such as those
from the debates with Douglas in 1858
Pledged “ will not directly, or
indirectly, interfere with their slaves
…”
•
•
The South did not buy it
Because Lincoln did not campaign or give speeches, state and
county Republican organizations worked on his behalf to
sustain party enthusiasm and thus obtain high turnout.
REPUBLICAN PLATFORM
• Non-extension of slavery [for the Free-Soilers]
• Protective tariff [for the Northern Industrialists]
• No abridgment of rights for immigrants [a disappointment for the
“Know-Nothings”].
• Government aid to build a Pacific RR [for the Northwest].
• Internal improvements [for the West] at federal expense.
• Free homesteads for the public domain [for farmers].
DEMOCRATIC
PLATFORM
• Extension of slavery based on Popular Sovereignty (Except
Southern Dems)
• Annexation of Cuba
• Government aid to build a Pacific RR.
• The anti-execution of State Legislatures in reference to the
Fugitive Slave Law is a “hostile action”
THE RESULTS
FYI: Voter Turnout
in…
1992 = 55%
1996 = 49%
2000 = 54%
2004 = 60%
2008 = 61%
2012 = 58%
1860 = 81%
RESULTS: BY COUNTY
SOUTH CAROLINA'S CAUSES FOR
SECESSION FROM THE UNION
“The election of 1860 has left many
on edge in the South, particularly
South Carolina.
The fear that a Republican
President would take actions to
limit states' rights has led them to
take drastic action.
In this declaration, South Carolina
outlines there reasons for
secession from the Union…”
“The people of the State of South
Carolina….declared that the frequent violations of
the Constitution of the United States, by the Federal
Government, and its encroachments upon the
reserved rights of the States, fully justified this State
in then withdrawing from the Federal Union; but in
deference to the opinions and wishes of the other
slaveholding States, she forbore at that time to
exercise this right. Since that time, these
encroachments have continued to increase, and
further forbearance ceases to be a virtue.”
14
SOUTH CAROLINA SECEDES
“A geographical line has been drawn across
the Union, and all the States north of that line
have united in the election of a man to the
high office of President of the United States,
whose opinions and purposes are hostile to
slavery. He is to be entrusted with the
administration of the common Government,
because he has declared that that
"Government cannot endure permanently
half slave, half free," and that the public mind
must rest in the belief that slavery is in the
course of ultimate extinction.”
-- Declaration of the Causes of Secession
South Carolina, December 20, 1860
CONSTITUTION OF THE
CONFEDERATE STATES OF AMERICA
When the framers of the
Confederate Constitution set out to
draft the document they were set
on forming a document that was
fundamentally different form the
one they opposed.
The framers wanted a document
that not only represented their
ideological differences, but their
governing differences as well.
Ironically, in the end, the only
difference that can be found
between the two documents is in
the ideology.
The government that was set up by
the Confederate Constitution is
practically identical to that of the
United States.
CONFEDERATE
PRESIDENT
– JEFFERSON DAVIS
Jefferson Davis served as the provisional
president of the Confederacy until elections
could be held.
On February 18, 1861 he delivered his
inaugural address.
In this address, the causes for southern
secession and the differences between their
government and that of the Union are
explained.
“We have changed the constituent parts, but not the system
of our Government. The Constitution formed by our fathers is
that of these Confederate States, in their exposition of it, and
in the judicial construction it has received, we have a light
which reveals its true meaning.”
C.S.A.
THE CONFEDERATE STATES OF
AMERICA
A 2004 mock-umentary directed by Kevin Willmott.
We will watch on Nov. 24/25 in class.
INAUGURATION
“I am loath to close. We are not enemies, but
friends. We must not be enemies. Though
passion may have strained it must not break
our bonds of affection. The mystic chords of
memory, stretching from every battlefield and
patriot grave to every living heart and hearthstone
all over this broad land, will yet swell the chorus
of the Union, when again touched, as surely they
will be, by the better angels of our nature.”
-- Abraham Lincoln, First Inaugural Address
March 4th, 1861
SECESSION
Fort Sumter: April 12, 1861
•
•
•
Following declarations of
secession by seven Southern
states, South Carolina
demanded that the U.S. Army
abandon its facilities in
Charleston Harbor.
There was no loss of life on
either side as a direct result of
this engagement, although a
gun explosion during the
surrender ceremonies on April
14 caused two Union deaths.
Following the battle, there was
widespread support from both
North and South for further
military action. Lincoln's
immediate call for 75,000
volunteers to suppress the
rebellion resulted in an
additional four states also
declaring their secession and
joining the Confederacy.
Confederate
Robert E. Lee
IN MARCH OF 1861 HE WAS PROMOTED TO MAJOR
GENERAL WITH RESPONSIBILITY OVER THE US MILITARY
IN TEXAS
HE ASKED THE HEAD OF THE US ARMY, WINFIELD SCOTT,
IF HE COULD STAY AT HOME FOR THE DURATION OF THE
WAR. NOT SURPRISINGLY, SCOTT REFUSED SUCH A
REQUEST.
APRIL 20, 1861 - ROBERT E. LEE RESIGNS HIS COMMISSION
IN THE UNITED STATES ARMY. "I CANNOT RAISE MY HAND
AGAINST MY BIRTHPLACE, MY HOME, MY CHILDREN." LEE
THEN GOES TO RICHMOND, VIRGINIA, IS OFFERED
COMMAND OF THE MILITARY AND NAVAL FORCES OF
VIRGINIA, AND ACCEPTS.
“I CANNOT RAISE MY HAND AGAINST MY
BIRTHPLACE, MY HOME, MY CHILDREN.” ROBERT E. LEE
On July 4, 1861, President Abraham Lincoln
addressed a special session of Congress.
In this address, he announced that a war has
been declared on the states that seceded from
the Union.
He also calls on Congress to make available
the funds and man power needed for a short
war.
“It is now recommended that you give the legal
means for making this contest a short, and a
decisive one; that you place at the control of
the government, for the work, at least four
hundred thousand men, and four hundred
millions of dollars…”
24
LINCOLN'S JULY 4
MESSAGE TO CONGRESS
CRASH COURSE US
HISTORY
REASONS FOR
SECESSION
South Carolina and others Secede
Generate a master list of major claims the Southern States give for
Secession.
http://www.civil-war.net/pages/ordinances_secession.asp
-Google Secession papers, first link
South Carolina
Louisiana
Tennessee
Mississippi
Texas
Missouri ???
Florida
Virginia ???
Kentucky ???
Alabama
Arkansas
Georgia
North Carolina
COMPARATIVE
DIFFERENCES
OVERVIEW OF NORTHERN
ADVANTAGES
Larger population
• North 22 million
• South Only 9 million
More ships
Larger, more efficient railroad system
Lincoln - Very intelligent and dedicated
More industry - 81% of nation’s factories
Better banking system to raise $ for the war
• 75% of nation’s wealth
OVERVIEW OF NORTHERN
ADVANTAGES
Wealth produced:
• Factory production
• Textile goods produced
• Iron production
• Coal production
• Farm acreage
• Draft animals
• Livestock
• Wheat production
• Corn production
OVERVIEW OF SOUTHERN
ADVANTAGES
•Fighting a defensive war
• Local support of all men
• familiarity with terrain
•Motivation: seeking
independence, unified support
•Short communication lines/
friendly population
•Experienced officer corps- (Lee,
Jackson, Pickett)
•Cotton - necessary for textile
factories of England and France
•Slave Labor in the early part of
the war
OVERVIEW OF SOUTHERN
DISADVANTAGES
Smaller population
Few factories to
manufacture weapons and
supplies
Poor transportation system
Weak federal government =
not strong enough to
control Southern states
• Jefferson Davis did not
have complete power like
Lincoln
LEADERSHIP
Name, WP = US Military Academy, Graduation Year, Class Rank
North:
President Abraham Lincoln – no military experience
General Burnside – WP 47, 18th
General Pope – WP 42, 17th
Finally General Grant – WP43, 21st
General Sherman WP 40 6th
General McClellan – WP46 2nd
South:
President Jefferson Davis – Former Sec. of War, WP 26 – 23rd
PGT Beauregard – WP 38, 2nd
General Stonewall Jackson,WP 46, 17th
Robert E. Lee – WP 29, 2nd
Significance: We see classmates, students and teachers, people with the same training nd
the same ideas about service fighting one another.
CSA LEADERSHIP ROBERT E. LEE AND
THE ARMY
One of the best generals in the history
of the WORLD
From one of Virginia’s most influential
families
• Had family members at Constitutional
Convention, signing of the Declaration of
Independence, and an ambassador to France
• His dad was in Washington’s Army
• He married Martha Washington’s
granddaughter
VERY HIGHLY QUALIFIED
• Graduated 2nd in class at West Point
• Served in the Mexican-American War and was
appointed Superintendent of West Point
afterward
• Stopped John Brown at Harpers Ferry
Torn between duty and home - didn’t
know if he should stay in the US Army
or fight for the Confederacy
First loyal to Virginia, then to US
Duty is the
sublimest word
in our language.
Do your duty in
all things. You
cannot do more.
You should
never wish to do
less. --Lee
LEADERSHIP
IN THE UNION
ARMY:
GENERAL
GEORGE
MCCLELLAN
(1861-1862)
The North is going to be
hampered by ineffective
leadership during the war
1st general is McClellan
Qualifications:
• Attended West Point at
only the age of 15
• Graduated 2nd in his class
at West Point
• Served in both MexicanAmerican Wars and the
European Crimean War
• Engineered 1st Continental
Railroad
As a general:
• Had a very well trained and
organized army
• Reluctant to fight, slow to
move, and always
overestimated the enemy
Pope  McClellan  Burnside Hooker  Meade  Grant
HOME FRONT OPPOSITION
In the North:
• Copperheads
• Democrats in the North who
wanted an immediate peace
agreement with CSA
• Peace Movement
• NYC Draft riots in 1863
In the South:
• Issues in Border States (states
with slavery who fight with
Union)
• Missouri sends delegates to
both US and CS assemblies
• West Virginia secedes from VA
in order to remain with the
Union
NORTH’S MILITARY
STRATEGY
• The Anaconda Plan
• Surround the Confederacy
and squeeze them into
submission
•Capture Richmond and
force surrender
•Expel Confederates from
border states
•Control of the Mississippi
River to Stop the transport
of:
•
•
•
•
•
•
soldiers
Weapons
Ammunition
Clothes
Food
other supplies needed
•Blockade southern ports to
stop
• cotton shipments
• supplies from foreign nations
SOUTHERN MILITARY STRATEGY
Goal: to be recognized as an
independent nation in order to
preserve their way of life
Defend its homeland, holding onto as
much territory as possible until
the North got tired of fighting
Capture Washington, D.C.
Control border states
Gain England's support
Expel Union troops from South
THE SCOURGE OF WAR
SIX REASONS WHY BATTLES
HAPPENED IN CERTAIN
PLACES
1.
Road Networks
2.
Railroad Networks
3.
Importance of the Area
• Example: The area between Richmond, VA and Washington, DC
4. Waterways
5.
Topography or Lay of the Land
6.
Reliable Intelligence
EARLY BATTLES:
•
Fort Sumter – South Carolina –
CSA victory
•
Bull Run – Northern border of
Virginia – CSA Victory
•
•
US tries to go on the offensive
but poorly trained soldiers
literally turn around and run
home at first
shots
Antietam – Northern border of
Virginia – USA Victory
•
•
Bloodiest 24 hour period in US
military history (US found Lee’s
plans and it was a head on
collision of
the two
armies. North probably could
have ended the war that day but
General McClellan was
insubordinate and cowardly.
Lincoln had been waiting for this
big win that would
give
the north some momentum to
issue the
Emancipation
Proclamation
Photography was in its infancy and
couldn’t quite capture moving
images, but still ones. These images
allow many Americans for the first
time to see battlefields.
SHIFTING TIDES
Date
Battle Name
Sept 17, 1862
Antietam a.k.a. Sharpsburg, MD
April 12-13, 1861
Attack on Fort Sumter, SC
April 30-May 6, 1863
Chancellorsville, VA
Feb 6-16 ,1862
Fort Henry/Fort Donelson, TN
Dec 13, 1862
Fredericksburg, VA
July 1-3, 1863
Gettysburg, PA
March-June, 1862
Jackson’s Valley Campaign, VA
July 21, 1861
First Manassas a.k.a. Bull Run, VA
August 28-30, 1862
Second Manassas a.k.a. Second Bull Run, VA
Oct 8, 1862
Perryville, KY
November 15, 1864 to December 21,
1864
April 6-7, 1862
Savannah Campaign
May 18 – July 4 1863
Siege of Vicksburg, MS
Dec 31, 1862-Jan 2, 1863
Stones River a.k.a. Murfreesboro, TN
Shiloh a.k.a. Pittsburg Landing, TN
WHAT WAS LINCOLN’S INITIAL
OBJECTIVE IN FIGHTING THE WAR?
"My paramount object in this struggle is to save the
Union, and is not either to save or to destroy
slavery. If I could save the Union without freeing any
slave I would do it, and if I could save it by freeing
all the slaves I would do it; and if I could save it by
freeing some and leaving others alone I would also
do that. What I do about slavery, and the colored
race, I do because I believe it helps to save the
Union"
The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln edited by Roy P. Basler, Volume V, "Letter to
Horace Greeley" (August 22, 1862), p. 388.
THE EMANCIPATION
PROCLAMATION
A Union Victory @ Antietam proved that the government
could back the proclamation…
• An executive order issued by United States
President Abraham Lincoln on January 1,
1863
• It was not a law passed by Congress.
• It proclaimed the freedom of slaves in the ten
states then in rebellion, thus applying to 3.1
million of the 4 million slaves in the U.S. at
that time.
• The Proclamation immediately freed 50,000
slaves, with nearly all the rest (of the 3.1
million) freed as Union armies advanced.
• The Proclamation did not compensate the
owners, did not itself outlaw slavery, and did
not make the ex-slaves (called freedmen)
citizens.
• Slavery was made illegal everywhere in the
U.S. by the Thirteenth Amendment, which
took effect in December 1865.
INTERNATIONAL IMPACT
OF EMANCIPATION
Lincoln’s decision to issue
the Emancipation
Proclamation changed the
purpose of the war,
enabling many African
Americans to fight in the
Union Army and helping
prevent the Confederacy
from gaining full
diplomatic support from
European Powers
Both Britain and France had
already outlawed slavery and were
hesitant to fight with the South if
that was what the war was
about…and now it is.
“UNITED STATES
COLORED TROOPS”
• Emancipation Proclamation
opened the door for African
Americans to enlist in the
Union Army. Although many
had wanted to join the war
effort earlier, they were
prohibited from enlisting by a
federal law dating back to 1792.
• African Americans joined the
United States military in large
numbers. Which led to a larger
army, one of the deciding
factors in the United States
defeating the Confederacy.
• By the end of the war,
approximately 180,000 AfricanAmerican soldiers had joined
the fight.
GETTYSBURG/VICKSBURG
Gettysburg
Lee’s last ditch effort
to invade PA for
supplies and take an
offensive stand in the
north. CSA Loses on
July 3, 1863
Lincoln will
immortalize the
battlefield turned
cemetery with his
speech.
Vicksburg
After a month long
assault, the Union
finally captures the
last major remaining
bridge the
Confederacy has
crossing the
Mississippi River,
effectively cutting the
CSA in half. Battle
ends on July 4, 1863
THE GETTYSBURG ADDRESS
Thursday, November 19, 1863, at the dedication
of the Soldiers' National Cemetery in Gettysburg,
Pennsylvania, four and a half months after the
Union armies defeated the Confederacy at the
Battle of Gettysburg.
In just over two minutes, Lincoln invoked the
principles of human equality espoused by the
Declaration of Independence and redefined the
Civil War as a struggle not merely for the
preservation of the Union sundered by the
secession crisis, but as "a new birth of freedom"
Beginning with the now-iconic phrase "Four
score and seven years ago," referring to the
American Revolution of 1776, Lincoln examined
the founding principles of the United States in
the context of the Civil War, and used the
ceremony at Gettysburg as an opportunity not
only to consecrate the grounds of a cemetery,
but also to ensure the survival of America's
representative democracy, that the "government
of the people, by the people, for the people, shall
not perish from the earth."
THE WAR DRAGS ON ONE
MORE YEAR…
SHERMAN’S MARCH
Sherman, in a
practice of scorched
earth/total war literally
buns down Atlanta,
GA and gives it to
Abraham Lincoln for
Christmas as stated
in this letter…
The thought was to
force the south into
submission..
APPOMATTOX COURTHOUSE
•Finally, after four years of fighting
Robert E. Lee surrendered to
Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox
Court House on April 9, 1865
•As news spread of Lee's
surrender, other Confederate
commanders realized that the
strength of the Confederacy
was fading, and decided to lay
down their own arms.
ASSASSINATION
The assassination was planned and
carried out by the well-known stage
actor John Wilkes Booth, as part of a
larger conspiracy in a bid to revive
the Confederate cause.
Booth's co-conspirators were Lewis
Powell and David Herold, who were
assigned to kill Secretary of State
•Ford Theatre- April 14th, 1865
William H. Seward, and George Atzerodt
who was to kill Vice President Andrew
Johnson.
By simultaneously eliminating the top
three people in the administration, Booth
and his co-conspirators hoped to sever
the continuity of the United States
government.
He died early the next morning. The
rest of the conspirators' plot failed;
Powell only managed to wound
Seward, while Atzerodt, Johnson's
would-be assassin, lost his nerve
and fled Washington.
THE AFTERMATH
We’ll look at this again during Reconstruction…
A TWO PARTER!!!
Causes and Motivations
Lincoln, Technology, and
the lack of Foreign
Intervention